National Identity
- Official name
- Romania
- Official name (in Romanian)
- România
- Name etymology
the name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861
Sources:- The Constitution of Romania ↗ - President of Romania
- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
Translated from the Presidential Administration of Romania The flag of Romania is a blue, yellow, red tricolour, having the colours arranged in vertical stripes of equal size.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Permanent Representation of Romania to the European Union The flag of Romania has the colours placed vertically as follows: blue (at the pole), yellow (in the middle) and red (on the outside).
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidential Administration of Romania As a Romanian vexillological symbol, the blue, yellow, red tricolour is of relatively recent date, having appeared in the first half of the 19th century.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidential Administration of Romania The first bringing together of the three colours, as separate stripes of colour, as a vexillological symbol not of the principality of Wallachia, but of the units of the local militia and of the merchant ships, dates from 1834, during the reign of Al. D. Ghica. The stripes were arranged horizontally, with the red strip at the top and the blue one at the bottom. [...] Starting from the Hatt-i Sharif of 1834, by which the sultan approved the three colours as a vexillological symbol, the supporters of the "National Party" would see in this tricolour the national symbol of all Romanians.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidential Administration of Romania In the revolutionary context of the year 1848, with the hoisting of the new tricolour flags as symbols of national states, the Romanian revolutionaries too, who were in Paris at the outbreak of the revolution, would hoist the blue, yellow, red flag, with blue at the staff. This is how it would also be sanctioned, as national flag, by Decree no. 252 of the provisional government in Bucharest
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidential Administration of Romania As national flag, the tricolour established itself in 1859, with the double election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, but in the variant with the colour stripes arranged horizontally. The first flag of 1859, in use until 1862, had the blue strip placed at the top; then, in the second period of Cuza's reign, the red strip was placed at the top. With the coming of Prince Carol I, from 1867, both the country's flag and the flags and standards of the military units would have the stripes arranged vertically, with blue next to the staff. Romania thus aligned itself with the European vexillological rules for tricolour flags, which all have the stripe of the darkest colour, the "cold" colour, next to the staff.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidential Administration of Romania In 1948, the communist regime, in order to try to remove as much as possible of everything that the national tradition had meant, not only replaced the country's coat of arms, resulting from the combination of traditional heraldic elements, with a new one, of Soviet origin, but also planted this new coat of arms on the national tricolour. In December 1989, people tore the symbol of communism off the flag, and there was a return to what had been the flag of Romania from 1872 to 1947.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- presidency.ro ↗ - the Presidential Administration of Romania
- ue.mae.ro ↗ - the Permanent Representation of Romania to the European Union
- National anthem
- Deşteaptă-te române!2:19
- Title (in Romanian)
- Deşteaptă-te române!
- Title (in English, translated)
- Wake up, Romanian
- Lyrics
1Deşteaptă-te, române, din somnul cel de moarte, În care te-adânciră barbarii de tirani Acum ori niciodată croieşte-ţi altă soarte, La care să se-nchine şi cruzii tăi duşmani.
2Acum ori niciodată să dăm dovezi în lume Că-n aste mâni mai curge un sânge de roman, Şi că-n a noastre piepturi păstrăm cu fală-un nume Triumfător în lupte, un nume de Traian.
4Priviţi, măreţe umbre, Mihai, Ştefan, Corvine, Româna naţiune, ai voştri strănepoţi, Cu braţele armate, cu focul vostru-n vine, “Viaţa-n libertate ori moarte” strigă toţi.
11Preoţi, cu crucea-n frunte căci oastea e creştină, Deviza-i libertate şi scopul ei preasfânt. Murim mai bine-n luptă, cu glorie deplină, Decât să fim sclavi iarăşi în vechiul nost’pământ.
Source: - Citizens
- Romanians
- Official name:The Constitution of Romania ↗ - President of Romania
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- National flag:presidency.ro ↗ - the Presidential Administration of Romania
- National flag:ue.mae.ro ↗ - the Permanent Representation of Romania to the European Union
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Total area
- 238,391 km²
- Land area
- 229,891 km²
- Water area
- 8,500 km²
- Land borders
- 2,844 km(5 countries)
- Coastline
- 225 km
- Terrain
Central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps - Mean elevation
- 414 m
- Highest point
- 2,544 mMoldoveanu
- Lowest point
- 0 mBlack Sea
- Climate
Temperate cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms - Avg. temperature
- 10 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 5.5 to 14.6 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 808 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 1.4 −1.8 −4.9 47 February 3.9 0.1 −3.7 45 March 9.1 4.6 0.2 58 April 15.4 10.3 5.1 70 May 20.5 15.4 9.9 90 June 24.3 19.2 13.7 103 July 26.4 21 15.3 93 August 26.6 20.8 15.1 72 September 21.3 15.8 10.7 67 October 15.3 10.2 5.8 58 November 8.5 4.8 1.4 51 December 2.6 −0.4 −3.3 54 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable36.5%Perm. crops1.8%Pasture17.0%Forest30.2%Other14.5%
- Arable land
- 8,407,000 hectares (36.5%)
- Permanent crops
- 406,000 hectares (1.8%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 3,902,000 hectares (17.0%)
- Forest
- 6,945,898 hectares (30.2%)
- Other land
- 3,347,102 hectares (14.5%)
Source: - Natural hazards2026
- Earthquakes6.2High#51/191River floods6.2High#63/191Epidemics3.9Medium#129/191Coastal floods2.9Low#108/191Drought2.8Low#109/191Tsunamis0.0Very lowTropical cyclones0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- −0.57% per year−108,045 people/yearWorld Rank209thof 237
- Birth rate
- 9.4 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 13.6 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −1.5 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 43.5 yearsWorld Rank35thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years15.4%15-64 years64.3%65 years +20.2%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 20.2%
- Share aged under 18
- 18.9%
- Total dependency ratio
- 55
- Youth dependency ratio
- 24
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 31
- Sex ratio
- 0.94 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 1.5% 2.9% 70-79 4.0% 6.0% 60-69 4.9% 6.0% 50-59 8.0% 8.1% 40-49 7.3% 6.9% 30-39 6.3% 6.0% 20-29 5.5% 5.2% 10-19 5.7% 5.4% 0-9 5.2% 4.9% - 2026
- 0.39 below the replacement level for Romania ()1.71 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank136thof 237
- 0.82 daughters per woman0.18 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- −4.2 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 4.2 more deaths than births a year
- 2026
- −1.5 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 52.2% live in cities9,810,445 urban residents
- Largest cities2021
- Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Iași, ConstanțaRankCity, Town or CommunePopulation (2021 census)1Bucharest1,716,9612Cluj-Napoca286,5983Iași271,6924Constanța263,6885Timișoara250,8496Brașov237,5897Craiova234,1408Galați217,8519Oradea183,10510Ploiești180,540Source:
- National Institute of Statistics, Romania (2021 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations.
- Ethnic groups2021
- Covers people who declared an ethnic group. 13% did not respond.Romanian89.3%Hungarian6.0%Romani3.4%Ukrainian0.3%German0.1%Other0.9%
Roma are usually underestimated in official statistics and may be 5-11% of Romania's population.
Source:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Religions2021
- Covers people who declared a religion. 13.9% did not respond.Romanian Orthodox85.3%Roman Catholic4.5%Reformed3.0%Pentecostal2.5%Other4.7%
- Languages
- Romanian (Română)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:National Institute of Statistics, Romania (2021 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of Romania is elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote, with a second round if needed, and mediates between the powers of the State; Romania is "a national, sovereign and independent, unitary and indivisible State" (Arts. 1, 80, 81).
- System of government
- Semi-presidentialThe President designates a Prime Minister candidate, whose Government needs Parliament's vote of confidence and answers politically only to Parliament, which may censure it; dissolution is allowed only after a 60-day deadlock and two rejected investiture requests (Arts. 89, 103, 109, 113).Source:
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government
- President
- Parliament (in Romanian, English available)
- Capital
- Bucharest1.7 million people(2024)
- National holidays
- 16 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- FriJan 2New Year's Day
- TueJan 6Epiphany
- WedJan 7Saint John the Baptist
- SatJan 24Unification of the Romanian Principalities Day
- FriApr 10Good Friday
- SunApr 12Easter
- MonApr 13Easter
- FriMay 1Labor Day
- SunMay 31Pentecost
- MonJun 1Children's DayPentecost
- SatAug 15Dormition of the Mother of God
- MonNov 30Saint Andrew's Day
- TueDec 1National Day
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
- SatDec 26Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- Currency
- Romanian Leu (RON)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +40
- Internet TLD
- .ro
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- RO, ROU
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 2,806,654 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 24
- Aircraft departures
- 32,354 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 2.3 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- YR
Sources:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- TAROMState-owned
- Passenger rail
- CFR Călători
- 2025
- 45 / 100World Rank70thof 182Confidence interval
Corruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 44 38 50 2013 43 38 48 2014 43 37 49 2015 46 41 51 2016 48 43 53 2017 48 43 53 2018 47 42 52 2019 44 39.5 48.5 2020 44 42.5 45.5 2021 45 43.4 46.6 2022 46 44.3 47.7 2023 46 44.5 47.5 2024 46 42.7 49.3 2025 45 42.8 47.2 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constituţia României din 21 noiembrie 1991, republicată, Monitorul Oficial nr. 767 din 31 octombrie 2003 ↗ - Ministry of Internal Affairs of Romania (Prefect's Institution)
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- High income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- −0.5% per yearWorld Rank183rdof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $24,741 (56th in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services61.7% of GDPIndustry25.3% of GDPAgriculture3% of GDPManufacturing11.8%part of industry
- Households
- +62%
- Government
- +17.3%
- Investment
- +25.9%
- Exports
- +35.5%
- Imports
- −40.7%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 8.2%up 0.8 percentage points0.8pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 8.2 million (43% of population)World Rank64thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 51.5% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 5.4%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 23.6% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $49.6 per hour worked at PPP
- Labor cost2025
- RON 68.50 per hour$15.32 (USD), $31.41 (PPP)
- Budget balance2026
- 6.2% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 7% of GDP, $33.1 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt54.6% of GDPHousehold debt10.7% of GDPCompany debt11.9% of GDPInterest on debt2.1% of GDPCentral government debt54.7% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$102.4 billion67.2%
- Services$50.1 billion32.8%
- Total exports
- $152.4 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 11.9 percent on the previous year11.9%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- 2024
- +1.00World Rank23rdof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +2.2% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Plums and sloes, Raw milk of sheep, Sunflower seed, and 7 more
- 1Plums and sloes17.1×
- 2Raw milk of sheep16×
- 3Sunflower seed10.4×
- 4Barley5.6×
- 5Rape or colza seed4.8×
- 6Wheat4.2×
- 7Grapes3.3×
- 8Apples1.8×
- 9Maize (corn)1.8×
- 10Raw milk of cattle1.7×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 104 tonnesWorth $14.6 billion, 16% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity, Labor cost:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- €1,524 per month$1,722 (USD), $3,531 (PPP)
- Median
- €1,374 per month($1,552)
- Men
- €1,619 per month($1,829)
- Women
- €1,401 per month($1,583)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2025
- RON 4,050 per month, gross$906 (USD), $1,857 (PPP)
- Share of the average gross salary
- 53%
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.845Very highWorld Rank55thof 193RomaniaWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Romania World 1990 0.719 0.608 1991 0.705 0.611 1992 0.694 0.614 1993 0.692 0.617 1994 0.695 0.620 1995 0.701 0.625 1996 0.707 0.631 1997 0.709 0.636 1998 0.715 0.641 1999 0.724 0.646 2000 0.730 0.651 2001 0.737 0.657 2002 0.745 0.662 2003 0.749 0.669 2004 0.757 0.675 2005 0.765 0.681 2006 0.781 0.688 2007 0.792 0.694 2008 0.815 0.698 2009 0.826 0.701 2010 0.822 0.707 2011 0.823 0.713 2012 0.817 0.717 2013 0.821 0.721 2014 0.820 0.726 2015 0.823 0.731 2016 0.823 0.735 2017 0.828 0.739 2018 0.833 0.741 2019 0.838 0.745 2020 0.832 0.742 2021 0.829 0.742 2022 0.840 0.752 2023 0.845 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2023
- 29.8
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 11.6 years
- Expected for a child today
- 14.1 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2021
- 99.2% of adults
- Education expenditure2022
- 3.3% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 8.8%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 91.3% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 94.6%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 22.8 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 1,723,000
- Fixed broadband
- 35.8 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2017
- 12% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 49%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 58%
- Mobile-money account
- 3%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 47%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 192,949 people
- Asylum seekers
- 114
- Stateless persons
- 267
- Internally displaced persons
- 100All due to disasters
- Refugees from Romania abroad
- 2,115
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- 2024
- Official tourism site13.4 million arrivalsWorld Rank22ndof 139
- Per resident
- 7 arrivals per 10 residents
- All visitors
- 12.8 million arrivals, overnight and same-day(2019, latest available)
- $6.2 billion
- Spending per arrival
- $461
- Share of GDP
- 2.4% tourism direct GDP(2022)
- 18.6 million overnight trips by residents
- 2.2 million overnight trips
- $11.8 billion
- Average hotel stay
- 10.9 nights
Overnight arrivals by year2020 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 11 sites9 cultural2 natural
Site Type Danube Delta Natural Churches of Moldavia Cultural Monastery of Horezu Cultural Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania Cultural Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains Cultural Historic Center of Sighişoara Cultural Wooden Churches of Maramureş Cultural Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe Natural Roșia Montană Mining Landscape Cultural Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu Cultural Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2024
- Low by global standards1.1 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank74thof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 1.1 213 2024 Serious assault 1.0 196 2023 Sexual violence 16.8 3,217 2023 Kidnapping 2.0 390 2023 Burglary 132.8 25,449 2022 Theft 309.4 59,293 2022 Vehicle theft 27.3 5,239 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 123.7 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 23,650
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 76.4 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 5.7% of GDP$1,051 per person
- Physicians2022
- 3.63 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2022
- 7.2 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 4.8 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 12 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 17.1 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2020
- 31% of adults
- Men
- 40.2%
- Women
- 21.8%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 6.1% of household spendingWorld Rank13thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 10.3 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 70.9 Mt per yearup 0.9 percent on the previous year0.9% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 3.7 t per personWorld Rank84thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.18%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 18.2 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 9.79 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 2.96 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 101.9 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 12.7 µg/m³ of PM2.50.8 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted111thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 10 µg/m³
- Life expectancy gain if the national standard were met
- 0.3 years
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- soil erosion, degradation, and desertification
- water pollution
- air pollution in south from industrial effluents
- contamination of Danube delta wetlands
Source:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- International agreements
- 20 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 140 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2017 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1993 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1993 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1994 CITES in force 1994 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 1998 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2003 Nagoya Protocol in force 2019 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1991 World Heritage Convention in force 1990 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1998 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1992 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2005 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1997 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 1993 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 0% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 212 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 11,061 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 80% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 8.2 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 36%
- Water stress
- 8% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity2024
- 32.4% of adults
- Men
- 34.5%
- Women
- 30%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2002latest available
- 3.5% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 61.5 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.18%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 68% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Balanced trade, imports 15 TWh and exports 12 TWh in 202449 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 49 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 47 TWh per year
- Imports
- 15 TWh per year
- Exports
- 12 TWh per year
- Net
- −3 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 33% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves2025600 million barrelsWorld Rank44thof 99
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 2.3% of GDP$8.7 billion, 5.9% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 70,000active Armed Forces
In 2025, the Romanian Government announced plans to increase the size of the Armed Forces by 35,000 personnel by 2030.
Source:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Military service2025
- Voluntaryno conscription since 2007; typically men and women 18–35
In 2025, the Romanian Government approved a voluntary service plan for citizens aged 18 to 35 to apply for a four-month basic military training programme, open to both men and women who have not completed active military service or not already in reserve; participants would subsequently be registered as reservists.
Source:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Space program2025
- Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991)
Develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities
- 1967-1968
- Began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities
- 1981
- First Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft
- 2010
- Domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi)
- 2012
- First domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate)
- 2022
- Joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration
- 2023
- Digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket
Key milestones
Source:- The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Romania - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
