National Identity
- Official name
- Arab Republic of Egypt
- Official name (in Arabic)
- جمهورية مصر العربية
- Official name (in Arabic, Romanized)
- Jumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah
- Name etymology
the English name Egypt derives from the ancient Greek name for the country, "Aguptos," and the ancient Roman name, "Aegyptus," with the Greek form coming from the words aia gupos, or "land of the vulture;" the Arabic name for the country, Misr, can be traced to the Assyrian word misir, meaning "fort"
Sources:- The Egyptian Constitution ↗ - The Supreme Standing Committee for Human Rights (SSCHR)
- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- National emblem
- National flag
Translated from the Presidency of the Egyptian Council of Ministers As for the last flag, it has three colours, red, white and black, in the form of equal horizontal rectangles, and the eagle emblem is in the centre of the flag. [...] Its length is twice its width: the upper rectangle is red [...] the middle rectangle is white [...] and inside the rectangle is an image of the eagle [...] in gold colour, looking towards the right [...] while the lower rectangle is black
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Egyptian Council of Ministers The current flag dates back to 1984, expressing the independence of Egypt [...] The upper rectangle is red, which is the colour of glow and signifies radiance, hope and strength; the middle rectangle is white, which is a colour that expresses purity, and inside the rectangle is an image of the eagle, the strongest of birds, in gold colour, looking towards the right, and it expresses the strength of Egypt and its civilizations; while the lower rectangle is black and expresses the eras of backwardness and colonialism of which Egypt rid itself.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt The Egyptian flag 1826 - 1867
After Muhammad Ali took sole rule of Egypt and tightened his control over the country, the flag was red, with a crescent and a five-pointed star in its centre, to distinguish it from the Ottoman flag.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt The Egyptian flag 1867 - 1882
After Khedive Ismail came to power, the design of the flag changed so that it bore three white crescents, inside each of which was a white five-pointed star, on the usual red field.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt The Egyptian flag 1882 - 1914
In the reign of Khedive Mohamed Tewfik, the old red Ottoman flag with the crescent and the seven-pointed star was restored in 1882 .
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Egyptian Council of Ministers A royal decree was issued [...] in 1923, and it was green, with a white crescent in its centre and three stars in the middle, also white
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt During the celebration of six months since the July 1952 Revolution, the flag of the Liberation Rally appeared for the first time, with the three colours red, white and black, with the Eagle of Saladin in its centre, which was adopted as the emblem of the Republic; it is a broad-shaped eagle with, in its centre, a round green shield containing a white crescent, inside which are three stars.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt The Egyptian flag 1958 - 1971
After the union between Egypt and Syria in 1958 , the design of the flag changed to become a tricolour of red, white and black, with two green stars in the centre of the white area, in reference to Egypt and Syria.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt The Egyptian flag 1971 - 1984
The design of the flag changed after President Sadat took the reins of power, specifically after the announcement of the Federation of the three Arab Republics, Egypt, Syria and Libya.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt The current Egyptian flag 1984
After former President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak came to power, this flag was adopted as the national flag, and it has continued until our present time.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- cabinet.gov.eg ↗ - the Presidency of the Egyptian Council of Ministers
- presidency.eg ↗ - the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt
- presidency.eg ↗ - the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt
- National anthem
- Bilady, Bilady, Bilady (بلادي بلادي بلادي)1:26
- Title (in Arabic)
- بلادي بلادي بلادي
- Title (in Arabic, Romanized)
- Bilady, Bilady, Bilady
- Title (in English, translated)
- My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland
- Lyrics
Chorusبلادي بلادي بلادي لكِ حبي و فؤادي بلادي بلادي بلادي لك حبي و فؤادي
1مصر يا أم البلاد انت غايتي والمراد وعلى كل العباد كم لنيلك من اياد
بلادي بلادي بلادي2مصر انت أغلى درة فوق جبين الدهر غرة يا بلادي عيشي حرة واسلمي رغم الأعادي
بلادي بلادي بلادي3مصر اولادك كرام أوفياء يرعوا الزمام سوف تحظى بالمرام باتحادهم و اتحادي
بلادي بلادي بلاديSource: - Citizens
- Egyptians
- Official name:The Egyptian Constitution ↗ - The Supreme Standing Committee for Human Rights (SSCHR)
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- National flag:cabinet.gov.eg ↗ - the Presidency of the Egyptian Council of Ministers
- National flag:presidency.eg ↗ - the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt
- National flag:presidency.eg ↗ - the Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
- Total area
- 1,001,450 km²
- Land area
- 995,450 km²
- Water area
- 6,000 km²
- Land borders
- 2,612 km(4 countries)
- Sudan
- 1,276 km
- Libya
- 1,115 km
- Israel
- 208 km
- State of Palestine
- 13 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Coastline
- 2,450 km
- Terrain
Vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta - Mean elevation
- 321 m
- Highest point
- 2,629 mMount Catherine
- Lowest point
- −133 mQattara Depression
- Climate
Desert hot, dry summers with moderate winters - Avg. temperature
- 23 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 16.6 to 29.3 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 12 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 19.3 13.2 7.5 2 February 21.4 15.1 8.9 2 March 25.2 18.7 12 2 April 30 23.3 16.1 1 May 33.9 27.4 20.1 1 June 36.2 29.8 22.6 0 July 36.8 30.7 23.9 0 August 36.8 30.8 24.3 0 September 34.8 28.6 22.3 0 October 31 24.8 18.9 1 November 25.3 19.1 13.4 1 December 20.8 14.6 9 2 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable3.1%Perm. crops1.0%Other95.9%
- Arable land
- 3,103,000 hectares (3.1%)
- Permanent crops
- 955,000 hectares (1.0%)
- Forest
- 4,098 hectares (0.0%)
- Other land
- 95,482,902 hectares (95.9%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Lake Manzala1,360 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- River floods9.9Very high#1/191Coastal floods9.0Very high#4/191Tsunamis5.9High#38/191Earthquakes4.6Medium#77/191Epidemics3.2Low#150/191Drought2.1Very low#123/191Tropical cyclones0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +1.47% per year+1,735,181 people/yearWorld Rank71stof 237
- Birth rate
- 20.5 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 5.6 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −0.4 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 24.7 yearsWorld Rank171stof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years31.1%15-64 years63.5%65 years +5.4%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 5.4%
- Share aged under 18
- 36.9%
- Total dependency ratio
- 58
- Youth dependency ratio
- 49
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 9
- Sex ratio
- 1.02 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.2% 0.3% 70-79 1.1% 1.5% 60-69 2.6% 2.9% 50-59 4.3% 4.2% 40-49 6.1% 5.9% 30-39 7.3% 7.1% 20-29 8.2% 7.9% 10-19 10.4% 10.0% 0-9 10.3% 9.8% - 2026
- 0.58 above the replacement level for Egypt ()2.68 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank63rdof 237
- 1.28 daughters per woman0.28 above replacement, long-run each generation larger than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +14.9 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 14.9 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −0.4 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 43.0% live in cities51,669,202 urban residents
- Largest cities2023
- Cairo, Alexandria, Giza, Shubra el-KheimaRankCity or TownPopulation (2023 estimate)1Cairo9,801,5362Alexandria5,362,5173Giza4,458,1354Shubra el-Kheima1,275,7005Port Said791,7496Suez716,4587El Mansoura632,3308Mahalla el-Kubra614,2029Tanta597,69410Asyut562,061Source:
- Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Egypt (2023 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km (12 mi) of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited.
- Ethnic groups2006
- Figures count nationality, not ethnicity.Egyptian99.7%Other0.3%
- Religions
- Muslim90.0%Christian10.0%
Christians are majority Coptic Orthodox. Other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican.Muslims are predominantly Sunni.
Source:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Languages
- Arabic (العربية)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Egypt (2023 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of the Republic is head of State and of the executive, elected by direct secret general ballot by absolute majority; the Constitution calls the system "republican and democratic" (Arts. 1, 139, 143).
- System of government
- Semi-presidentialThe President names a Prime Minister, whose government needs the confidence of a majority of the House of Representatives; the House can withdraw confidence from the government or any minister, and dissolution requires a popular referendum (Arts. 131, 137, 146).
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government (in Arabic)
- President
- Capital
- Cairo10.3 million people(2024)
- National holidays
- 16 days in 2026
- WedJan 7Coptic Christmas Day
- ThuJan 29January 25th Revolution and National Police Day (observed)
- FriMar 20Eid al-Fitr
- SatMar 21Eid al-Fitr
- MonApr 13Spring Festival
- SatApr 25Sinai Liberation Day
- FriMay 1Labor Day
- TueMay 26Day of Arafah (estimated)
- WedMay 27Eid al-Adha (estimated)
- ThuMay 28Eid al-Adha (estimated)
- FriMay 29Eid al-Adha (estimated)
- ThuJun 18Islamic New Year (observed, estimated)
- ThuJul 2June 30 Revolution Day (observed)
- ThuJul 23July 23 Revolution Day
- TueAug 25Prophet's Birthday (estimated)
- ThuOct 8Armed Forces Day (observed)
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- Currency
- Egyptian Pound (EGP)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +20
- Internet TLD
- .eg
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- EG, EGY
- Infrastructure
- Railways5,085 km
- Passengers carried
- 16,672,111 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 60
- Aircraft departures
- 135,253 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 492.7 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- SU
Sources:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- EgyptAirState-owned
- 2025
- 30 / 100World Rank130thof 182Confidence interval
Corruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 32 27 37 2013 32 27 37 2014 37 32 42 2015 36 32 40 2016 34 29 38 2017 32 25 39 2018 35 27 43 2019 35 27 43 2020 33 27 39 2021 33 26.3 39.7 2022 30 27.1 32.9 2023 35 28.9 41.1 2024 30 24.1 35.9 2025 30 24.6 35.4 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:دستور جمهورية مصر العربية (Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt), Official Gazette No. 3 bis (A) of 18 January 2014 ↗ - National Election Authority of Egypt
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Lower middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +5.1% per yearWorld Rank31stof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $4,024 (138th in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services47.3% of GDPIndustry32.1% of GDPAgriculture16.6% of GDPManufacturing14.5%part of industry
- Households
- +93.4%
- Government
- +5.4%
- Investment
- +12.9%
- Exports
- +19.8%
- Imports
- −31.5%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 13.3%down 7.1 percentage points7.1pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 35.3 million (30% of population)World Rank19thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 44.6% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 6.8%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 17.3% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $25.9 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 11.4% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 4.4% of GDP, $19.5 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt90.9% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$42.4 billion55.4%
- Services$34.1 billion44.6%
- Total exports
- $76.5 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 18.5 percent on the previous year18.5%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- 2024
- +0.08World Rank76thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +4% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Dates, Oranges, Olives, and 7 more
- 1Dates18.5×
- 2Oranges6.6×
- 3Olives5.2×
- 4Sugar beet5×
- 5Tomatoes4.2×
- 6Squash and gourds (including pumpkins)3.9×
- 7Onions and shallots (dry)3.3×
- 8Eggplants (aubergines)3.3×
- 9Mangoes and guavas and mangosteens3.1×
- 10Tangerines and mandarins (including clementines)2.6×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 129 tonnesWorth $18.2 billion, 37% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2024
- EGP 4,954 per month$109 (USD), $713 (PPP)
- Median
- EGP 4,563 per month($101)
- Men
- EGP 5,067 per month($112)
- Women
- EGP 4,325 per month($95)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- EGP 6,000 per month, gross$132 (USD), $863 (PPP)
- Share of the average gross salary
- 121%
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.754HighWorld Rank100thof 193EgyptWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Egypt World 1990 0.572 0.608 1991 0.578 0.611 1992 0.586 0.614 1993 0.593 0.617 1994 0.601 0.620 1995 0.609 0.625 1996 0.617 0.631 1997 0.623 0.636 1998 0.629 0.641 1999 0.634 0.646 2000 0.639 0.651 2001 0.642 0.657 2002 0.643 0.662 2003 0.643 0.669 2004 0.645 0.675 2005 0.648 0.681 2006 0.651 0.688 2007 0.658 0.694 2008 0.665 0.698 2009 0.671 0.701 2010 0.677 0.707 2011 0.680 0.713 2012 0.689 0.717 2013 0.695 0.721 2014 0.699 0.726 2015 0.706 0.731 2016 0.713 0.735 2017 0.720 0.739 2018 0.728 0.741 2019 0.736 0.745 2020 0.736 0.742 2021 0.738 0.742 2022 0.751 0.752 2023 0.754 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2021
- 28.5
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 10.1 years
- Expected for a child today
- 13.1 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2022
- 79.5% of adults
- Internet users2024
- 74.6% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 75.6%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 113.2 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 13,250,171
- Fixed broadband
- 11.7 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 6% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 33%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 43%
- Mobile-money account
- 16%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 36%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 226,310 people
- Asylum seekers
- 776,186
- Stateless persons
- 5
- Internally displaced persons
- 1,100(2021)All due to disasters
- Refugees from Egypt abroad
- 24,155
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2022
- Official tourism site11.6 million arrivalsdown 10% against 201910% below 2019World Rank25thof 139
- Per resident
- 1 arrivals per 10 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 99,000 arrivals
- $17.2 billion(2024)
- Share of GDP
- 2% tourism direct GDP(2020, latest available)
- Domestic trips
- 10.2 million overnight trips by residents(2015, latest available)
- $4.3 billion(2024)
- Hotel beds
- 425,178
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2022A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 7 sites6 cultural1 natural
Site Type Memphis and its Necropolis Cultural Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis Cultural Nubian Monuments Cultural Saint Catherine Area Cultural Abu Mena Cultural Historic Cairo Cultural Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) Natural Source:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini):World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Medium5.8 out of 10International displacementSeverity by monthSep 2024 to Aug 2026What the score is made ofImpact of the crisis4.8Conditions of people affected6.6Complexity of the crisis5.0
Data reliability as rated by INFORM: Very high. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2017
- 1.3 per 100,000 peopleLow by global standards
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 1.3 1,360 2017 Serious assault 0.4 339 2011 Sexual violence 0.1 114 2011 Kidnapping 0.3 273 2011 Burglary 2.9 2,673 2011 Theft 95.6 87,129 2011 Vehicle theft 22.2 20,231 2011 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2020
- 104.3 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 114,000
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 72.2 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 4.9% of GDP$141 per person
- Physicians2020
- 0.67 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2021
- 1.1 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 12.0 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 17 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 0.1 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2015latest available
- 22.6% of adults
- Men
- 44.7%
- Women
- 0.5%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 4.6% of household spendingWorld Rank22ndof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 10.1 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 291.6 Mt per yearup 5.7 percent on the previous year5.7% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 2.7 t per personWorld Rank107thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.74%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 57.5 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 19.4 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 18.1 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 386.6 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 29.5 µg/m³ of PM2.52.4 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted25thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 50 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- rapid growth in population straining natural resources
- increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam
- desertification
- oil pollution in coastal ecosystems
- water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents
- limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile
Source:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- International agreements
- 17 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 96 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2017 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1995 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1989 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1988 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1994 CITES in force 1978 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 1983 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1988 World Heritage Convention in force 1975 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1996 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1993 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) not a party Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury not a party Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1994 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) signed 2024, not ratified MARPOL 73/78 in force 1990 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 0.6% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 58 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 511 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 98% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 78 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 79%
- Water stress
- 141% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 7.6% of the population8.3 million people
- Obesity2024
- 43.9% of adults
- Men
- 30.6%
- Women
- 57.1%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2021
- 3.7% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 39.2 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.71%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 74% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- 219 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 219 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 174 TWh per year
- Imports
- 0.1 TWh per year
- Exports
- 1.5 TWh per year
- Net
- +1.4 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 67% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves20253.3 billion barrelsWorld Rank26thof 99
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.7% of GDP$2.4 billion, 2.9% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- estimated 450,000active Armed Forces
- Military service2025
- Conscriptionmen 18–30, 14–36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary men 16+, women 17+
Active service length depends on education; high school drop-outs serve for the full 36 months, while college graduates serve for lesser periods of time, depending on their education level.
Source:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Space program2025
- Egyptian Space Agency (EgSA; established 2019); National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS; formed in 1994 from the Remote Sensing Center, which was established in 1971)
Has a growing space program and seeks to become a regional space power; operates satellites; builds satellites jointly with foreign partners but developing localized satellite manufacturing and support infrastructure; acquiring other space-related technologies through transfers and domestic development, including in communications, Earth imaging/remote sensing (RS), and satellite payloads and components; works with a variety of foreign governments and commercial space companies, including those of Belarus, Canada, China, the ESA and its member states (particularly France, Germany, Italy), Ghana, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, the UAE, and the US; also a member of the Arab Space Coordination Group; has an active commercial space sector
- 1960
- Initiated a space program
- 1998
- First communications satellite (NileSat-101) built in Europe and launched on a European rocket (first African country to have its own communications satellite)
- 2007
- First remote sensing (RS) satellite (Egypsat-1) built and launched by Russia
- 2019
- First domestically produced RS cube satellites (NARSSCube-1 and 2) released from International Space Station; signed agreement with China for construction of satellite assembly, integrating, and testing facilities
- 2020
- Announced a 10-year national space program, including initiating an astronaut training program and jointly developing with several African countries an RS satellite for monitoring climate changes
- 2022
- Inaugurated a “space city” containing a satellite manufacturing facility, a research center, a space academy, and the headquarters of the African Space Agency (AfSA; inaugurated 2025); latest NileSat-series (NileSat-301) communications satellite acquired from Europe and launched by the US
- 2023
- Three RS satellites (Horus-1, Horus-2, and MisrSat-2) built jointly with and launched by China; joined the China-led International Lunar Research Station project
- 2024
- Experimental RS satellite (Nexsat-1) jointly developed with a European commercial company and launched by China
Key milestones
Source:- The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Egypt - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
