National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Zimbabwe
- Official name (in Shona)
- Ripabhuriki yeZimbabwe
- Official name (in Northern Ndebele)
- IRiphabhulikhi yeZimbabwe
- Official name (in Chewa)
- Ufumu wa Zimbabwe
- Name etymology
takes its name from the Kingdom of Zimbabwe (13th-15th century) and its capital of Great Zimbabwe, which was built of stone; the name Zimbabwe comes from the Bantu phrase zimba we bahwe, meaning "houses of stones;" the former name, Rhodesia, was derived from the name of British colonial administrator Cecil RHODES
Sources:- About Zimbabwe ↗ - Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe in Germany
- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
As published by the Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe to France, Spain, Portugal & the Vatican It has a gold Zimbabwe bird superimposed on a five pointed red star which is situated on a white triangle at the hoist of the flag. The remainder of the flag consists of seven horizontal stripes which are all equal in width and from top to bottom they are green, gold(yellow), red, black, red, gold(yellow), and green. The stripes are separated from the white triangle by a thin black line.
As published in EnglishAs published by the Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe to France, Spain, Portugal & the Vatican Meanings of the colours on the flag are as follows: Green represents vegetation and agriculture. Yellow/Gold represents the country's mineral wealth. Red represents the blood shed during the war of the liberation Black represents the black majority White triangle represents peace. Zimbabwe Bird represents the National Emblem. Red Star represents the nation's aspirations.
As published in EnglishAs published by the Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe to France, Spain, Portugal & the Vatican The flag of Zimbabwe was accepted on 22 March 1980 and was first raised at the midnight on 17/18 April to mark independence.
As published in EnglishSource:- zimparis.gov.zw ↗ - the Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe to France, Spain, Portugal & the Vatican
- National anthem
- Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe1:37
- Title (in Northern Ndebele)
- Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe
- Title (in Shona)
- Simudzai Mureza WeZimbabwe
- Title (in English)
- Blessed Be The Land of Zimbabwe
- Lyrics
1Phakamisan iflegi yethu yeZimbabwe Eyazalwa yimpi yenkululeko; Legaz’ elinengi lamaqhawe ethu Silivikele ezithan izonke; Kalibusisiwe ilizwe leZimbabwe.
2Khangelan’ iZimbabwe yon’ ihlotshiwe Ngezintaba lang’ miful’ ebukekayo, Izulu kaline, izilimo zande; Iz’ sebenzi zenam’, abantu basuthe; Kalibusisiwe ilizwe leZimbabwe.
3Nkosi busis’ ilizwe lethu leZimbabwe Ilizwe labokhokho bethu thina sonke; Kusuk’ eZambezi kusiy’ eLimpopo Abakhokheli babe lobuqotho; Kalibusisiwe ilizwe leZimbabwe.
- Citizens
- Zimbabweans
- Official name:About Zimbabwe ↗ - Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe in Germany
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- National flag:zimparis.gov.zw ↗ - the Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe to France, Spain, Portugal & the Vatican
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
- National anthem:Recording credit
Geography
- Location
- Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia
- Total area
- 390,757 km²
- Land area
- 386,847 km²
- Water area
- 3,910 km²
- Land borders
- 3,229 km(4 countries)
- Mozambique
- 1,402 km
- Botswana
- 834 km
- Zambia
- 763 km
- South Africa
- 230 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Coastline
- 0 km(Landlocked)
- Terrain
Mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east - Mean elevation
- 961 m
- Highest point
- 2,592 mInyangani
- Lowest point
- 162 mjunction of the Runde and Save Rivers
- Climate
Tropical moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) - Avg. temperature
- 21.6 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 15.8 to 27.7 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 736 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 28.7 23.8 19.5 182 February 28.6 23.6 19.3 139 March 28.3 23.1 18.4 89 April 27.3 21.3 15.8 28 May 25.8 18.9 12.6 8 June 23.6 16.6 10.2 5 July 23.1 16.2 9.8 5 August 26.3 19 12 2 September 29.7 22.5 15.4 7 October 31.2 24.7 18.1 21 November 30.8 25 19.4 81 December 29.1 24.1 19.5 169 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable10.4%Perm. crops0.1%Pasture31.3%Forest35.9%Other22.3%
- Arable land
- 4,020,408 hectares (10.4%)
- Permanent crops
- 46,714 hectares (0.1%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 12,100,000 hectares (31.3%)
- Forest
- 13,872,010 hectares (35.9%)
- Other land
- 8,645,868 hectares (22.3%)
Source: - Natural hazards2026
- Drought9.4Very high#2/191Epidemics5.2High#86/191River floods3.6Low#125/191Earthquakes1.8Very low#113/191Tsunamis0.0Very lowTropical cyclones0.0Very lowCoastal floods0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +1.90% per year+322,785 people/yearWorld Rank50thof 237
- Birth rate
- 29.3 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 7.3 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −3.2 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 18.3 yearsWorld Rank219thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years39.6%15-64 years56.8%65 years +3.5%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 3.5%
- Share aged under 18
- 47.1%
- Total dependency ratio
- 76
- Youth dependency ratio
- 70
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 6
- Sex ratio
- 0.91 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.2% 0.3% 70-79 0.7% 1.1% 60-69 1.1% 1.5% 50-59 1.9% 2.9% 40-49 4.7% 6.0% 30-39 4.9% 5.9% 20-29 8.5% 8.9% 10-19 12.5% 12.4% 0-9 13.4% 13.2% - 2026
- 1.37 above the replacement level for Zimbabwe ()3.57 births per womanreplacement 2.201234World Rank36thof 237
- 1.63 daughters per woman0.63 above replacement, long-run each generation larger than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.52
- 2026
- +22.0 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 22.0 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −3.2 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 41.1% live in cities7,098,961 urban residents
- Largest cities2022
- Harare, Bulawayo, Chitungwiza, MutareRankCity or Urban LocalityPopulation (2022 census)1Harare1,491,7542Bulawayo665,9523Chitungwiza371,2464Mutare224,8045Epworth206,3686Gweru159,0507Kwekwe119,8638Kadoma117,3819Ruwa94,07810Chinhoyi90,800Source:
- Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2022 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Aside from major urban agglomerations in Harare and Bulawayo, population distribution is fairly even, with slightly greater overall numbers in the eastern half.
- Ethnic groups2022
- African99.6%Other0.4%
African is predominantly Shona. Ndebele is the second largest ethnic group.Other includes Caucasian, Asiatic, mixed race.
Source:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Religions2022
- Apostolic Sect40.3%Pentecostal17.0%Protestant13.8%Other Christian7.8%Roman Catholic6.4%African traditionalist5.0%Other1.5%None8.3%
Other includes Muslim, Jewish, Hindu.
Source:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Languages
- English, Shona (ChiShona), Northern Ndebele (IsiNdebele), Chewa (Chichewa)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2022 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President is Head of State and Government and Commander-in-Chief; a July 2026 amendment replaced direct election with election by Parliament in joint sitting and set seven-year terms. The Constitution declares Zimbabwe "a unitary, democratic and sovereign republic" (ss. 1, 88, 89, 92).Sources:
- Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act, 2013 (Act No. 1 of 2013), Schedule: Constitution of Zimbabwe ↗, ss. 1, 88, 89, 92
- Constitution of Zimbabwe (Amendment) Act (No. 3), 2026 (Act No. 6 of 2026), ss. 1, 88, 89, 92
- System of government
- Assembly-independentSince a July 2026 amendment, Parliament in joint sitting elects the President for seven years; there is no prime minister, Ministers are accountable to the President, and Parliament can remove the President only for serious misconduct or incapacity (ss. 92, 97, 104, 107).Sources:
- Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act, 2013 (Act No. 1 of 2013), Schedule: Constitution of Zimbabwe ↗, ss. 92, 97, 104, 107
- Constitution of Zimbabwe (Amendment) Act (No. 3), 2026 (Act No. 6 of 2026), ss. 92, 97, 104, 107
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Capital
- Harare1.5 million people(2022)
- National holidays
- 13 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- SatFeb 21Robert Gabriel Mugabe National Youth Day
- FriApr 3Good Friday
- SatApr 4Easter Saturday
- MonApr 6Easter Monday
- SatApr 18Independence Day
- FriMay 1Workers' Day
- MonMay 25Africa Day
- MonAug 10Zimbabwe Heroes' Day
- TueAug 11Defense Forces Day
- TueDec 22Unity Day
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
- SatDec 26Boxing Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- CATCentral Africa TimeUTC+2
- Currency
- Zimbabwean Gold (ZWG)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +263
- Internet TLD
- .zw
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- ZW, ZWE
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 92,494 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 5
- Aircraft departures
- 2,085 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 3.8 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- Z
Sources:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Air ZimbabweState-owned
- Passenger rail
- National Railways of Zimbabwe
- 2025
- 22 / 100World Rank157thof 182Confidence interval
Corruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 20 12 27 2013 21 14 28 2014 21 14 28 2015 21 14 28 2016 22 18 26 2017 22 18 26 2018 22 18 26 2019 24 20.2 27.8 2020 24 21.8 26.2 2021 23 20.5 25.5 2022 23 20.5 25.5 2023 24 21.9 26.1 2024 21 19.5 22.5 2025 22 20.8 23.2 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act, 2013 (Act No. 1 of 2013), Schedule: Constitution of Zimbabwe ↗ - Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constitution of Zimbabwe (Amendment) Act (No. 3), 2026 (Act No. 6 of 2026)
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Lower middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +5% per yearWorld Rank37thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $3,718 (141st in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services48.2% of GDPIndustry37.1% of GDPAgriculture9.5% of GDPManufacturing14.9%part of industry
- Households
- +84.4%
- Government
- +12.2%
- Investment
- +8.8%
- Exports
- +18.1%
- Imports
- −23.4%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 4%down 77.4 percentage points77.4pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 6.7 million (40% of population)World Rank71stof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 67.7% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 9.4%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 15.4% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $4.1 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 2% of GDP surplus
- Current account
- 5.3% of GDP, $3.5 billion surplus
Source: - Debt2024
- Central government debt94.6% of GDP
- Trade2024
- Goods$7.8 billion94.5%
- Services$457.1 million5.5%
- Total exports
- $8.3 billion
- Change from 2023
- up 8.5 percent on the previous year8.5%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- 2024
- −1.08World Rank121stof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +2.1% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Unmanufactured tobacco, Meat of cattle with the bone (fresh or chilled), Cabbages, and 7 more
- 1Unmanufactured tobacco30.1×
- 2Meat of cattle with the bone (fresh or chilled)8.3×
- 3Cabbages6.4×
- 4Squash and gourds (including pumpkins)6×
- 5Sugar cane2.6×
- 6Oranges2.3×
- 7Seed cotton (unginned)2.2×
- 8Onions and shallots (dry)2.2×
- 9Mangoes and guavas and mangosteens1.9×
- 10Sweet potatoes1.8×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Industries
- mining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, diamonds, clay, numerous metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel, wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
Society
- 2023
- 0.598MediumWorld Rank153rdof 193ZimbabweWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Zimbabwe World 1990 0.500 0.608 1991 0.502 0.611 1992 0.487 0.614 1993 0.483 0.617 1994 0.482 0.620 1995 0.477 0.625 1996 0.472 0.631 1997 0.472 0.636 1998 0.467 0.641 1999 0.462 0.646 2000 0.458 0.651 2001 0.456 0.657 2002 0.459 0.662 2003 0.450 0.669 2004 0.453 0.675 2005 0.455 0.681 2006 0.457 0.688 2007 0.459 0.694 2008 0.456 0.698 2009 0.488 0.701 2010 0.512 0.707 2011 0.529 0.713 2012 0.545 0.717 2013 0.554 0.721 2014 0.560 0.726 2015 0.567 0.731 2016 0.570 0.735 2017 0.575 0.739 2018 0.586 0.741 2019 0.584 0.745 2020 0.582 0.742 2021 0.581 0.742 2022 0.594 0.752 2023 0.598 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2019
- 50.3
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 8.9 years
- Expected for a child today
- 11.1 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2019
- 93.2% of adults
- Education expenditure2023
- 0.4% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 10.7%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 41.6% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 69.7%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 15.7 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 298,047
- Fixed broadband
- 1.9 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 1% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 17%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 50%
- Mobile-money account
- 43%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 47%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 9,284 people
- Asylum seekers
- 13,506
- Internally displaced persons
- 2,200All due to disasters
- Refugees from Zimbabwe abroad
- 7,584
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2024
- 1.6 million visitor arrivals(overnight and same-day)Official tourism site
- $155.5 million(2023)
- 13.7 million overnight trips by residents
- Residents' trips abroad
- 1.6 million overnight trips(2022)
- $371.2 million(2023)
- Hotel beds
- 14,469(2022)
- Average hotel stay
- 3 nights(2022)
Overnight and same-day visits are not published separately. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 5 sites3 cultural2 natural
Site Type Mana Pools National Park, Sapi, and Chewore Safari Areas Natural Great Zimbabwe National Monument Cultural Khami Ruins National Monument Cultural Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls Natural Matobo Hills Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2022
- Medium by global standards6.8 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank27thof 115
- Crime rates
- 2 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 6.8 1,086 2022 Sexual violence 94.5 15,443 2023 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 137.9 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 22,539
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 63.6 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 2.9% of GDP$63 per person
- Physicians2023
- 0.14 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2014
- 2 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 30.5 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 358 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 5.4 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2015latest available
- 13.9% of adults
- Men
- 26%
- Women
- 1.8%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 41.2 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 12.9 Mt per yearup 2.3 percent on the previous year2.3% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 0.7 t per personWorld Rank164thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.03%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 12.8 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 4.43 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0.71 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 30.8 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 18.9 µg/m³ of PM2.51.4 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted66thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- deforestation
- soil erosion
- land degradation
- air and water pollution
- poaching
- toxic waste and heavy metal pollution from mining
Source:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- International agreements
- 18 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 57 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2017 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2009 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1993 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1993 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1995 CITES in force 1981 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 2012 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2005 Nagoya Protocol in force 2017 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 2013 World Heritage Convention in force 1982 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1997 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 2012 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2012 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2012 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2021 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1994 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) signed 2025, not ratified MARPOL 73/78 not a party Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 23.1% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 20 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 1,245 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 39% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 4.9 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 87%
- Water stress
- 46% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 38.9% of the population6.2 million people
- Obesity2024
- 14.7% of adults
- Men
- 6.1%
- Women
- 21.3%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2024
- 9.6% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 14.6 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.04%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 70% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Net importer, net 1.8 TWh in 2024, 18% of consumption10 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 10 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 10 TWh per year
- Imports
- 2.2 TWh per year
- Exports
- 0.4 TWh per year
- Net
- −1.8 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Mineral resources2025
- Lithium
Mineral Mine production Reserves Lithiumas pure lithium 28,000 t9.7% of world 500,000 t USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.4% of GDP$98.4 million, 1.3% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 30,000active Zimbabwe Defense Forces
- Military service2025
- Voluntaryno conscription; men and women 18–22 for enlisted personnel, 18–24 for officer cadets, 18–30 for technical/specialist personnel
- Space program2025
- Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency (ZINGSA; established in 2019 and officially launched in 2021)
Has a nascent program with the goal of using space technologies in economic development, including remote sensing capabilities to assist with monitoring or managing agriculture, food security, climate change, disease outbreaks, environmental hazards and disasters, and natural resources, as well as weather forecasting; has cooperated with Japan and Russia
- 2020
- Began a program (BIRDS-5) sponsored by Japan to promote the development of a domestic space program by designing, building, testing, launching, and operating the first satellites for participating countries
- 2021
- Established satellite ground communications station and completed national wetlands mapping project
- 2022
- First nano-sized remote sensing/educational satellite (ZIMSAT-1) built with Japan’s assistance and launched by Japan under the BIRDs-5 program
- 2024
- Second RS satellite (ZIMSAT-2) built with Russian assistance and launched by Russia
Key milestones
ZINGSA is under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science, and Technology Development
Source:- The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Zimbabwe - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
