National Identity
- Official name
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
- Official name (in Amharic)
- የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራል ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ
- Official name (in Amharic, Romanized)
- YeʾĪtyōṗyā Fēdēral Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpeblīk
- Official name (in Oromo)
- Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itoophiyaa
- Official name (in Tigrinya)
- ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ኢትዮጵያ
- Official name (in Tigrinya, Romanized)
- Fēdēralāwī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpeblīk Ītyōṗyā
- Official name (in Somali)
- Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya
- Official name (in Afar)
- Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih Ummuno
- Name etymology
the country name derives from the ancient Greek word used to describe the inhabitants, aithiops, meaning "burnt appearance"
Sources:- Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation no. 1,1995 ↗ - The Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia
- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- National emblem
- National flag
Translated from the Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation The FDRE Constitution provides that the flag of Ethiopia shall be green at the top, yellow in the middle and red at the bottom, and shall have a national emblem engraved on a circular blue background.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation The flag shall have a star composed of straight and equal lines, and shall have yellow rays radiating from the intersections of the straight and equal lines.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation Meaning of the colours of the flag
👉 Green: a symbol of work, fertility and development
👉 Yellow: a symbol of hope, justice and equality
👉 Red: a symbol of the sacrifice and heroism made for the establishment of freedom and equality
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation Meaning of the national emblem found in the centre of the flag
👉 The circular blue background: reflects the peace of Ethiopia
👉 The straight and equal lines: indicate the equality of the nations, nationalities and peoples, as well as of the religions
👉 The star composed of straight and equal lines: indicates the unity that the nations, nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia have established by mutual consent
👉 The yellow rays: signify the bright hope that has shone upon the nations, nationalities and peoples who established unity by mutual consent.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSource:- ebc.et ↗ - the Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation
- National anthem
- Whedefit Gesgeshi Woude Henate Ethiopia (ወደፊት ገስግሺ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ)1:24
- Title (in Amharic)
- ወደፊት ገስግሺ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ
- Title (in Amharic, Romanized)
- Whedefit Gesgeshi Woude Henate Ethiopia
- Title (in English, translated)
- March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia
- Lyrics
የዜግነት ክብር በኢትዮጵያችን ፀንቶ ታየ ህዝባዊነት ዳር እስከዳር በርቶ ለሰላም ለፍትህ ለህዝቦች ነፃነት በእኩልነት በፍቅር ቆመናል ባንድነት መሰረተ ፅኑ ሰብዕናን ያልሻርን ህዝቦች ነን ለስራ በስራ የኖርን ድንቅ የባህል መድረክ ያኩሪ ቅርስ ባለቤት የተፈጥሮ ፀጋ የጀግና ህዝብ እናት እንጠብቅሻለን አለብን አደራ ኢትዮጵያችን ኑሪ እኛም ባንቺ እንኩራ።
Source: - Citizens
- Ethiopians
- Official name:Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation no. 1,1995 ↗ - The Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- National flag:ebc.et ↗ - the Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Eastern Africa, west of Somalia
- Total area
- 1,104,300 km²
- Land area
- 1,096,570 km²
- Water area
- 7,730 km²
- Land borders
- 5,925 km(6 countries)
- Coastline
- 0 km(Landlocked)
- Terrain
High plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley - Mean elevation
- 1,330 m
- Highest point
- 4,550 mRas Dejen
- Lowest point
- −125 mDanakil Depression
- Climate
Tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation - Avg. temperature
- 23.4 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 18.2 to 29.1 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 995 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 29.5 22.9 16.6 14 February 31 24.2 17.7 15 March 31.4 25 19 48 April 30.4 24.7 19.5 107 May 29.6 24.2 19.5 115 June 28.9 23.7 19.2 101 July 27.3 22.7 18.7 147 August 27.4 22.7 18.6 161 September 28.6 23.4 18.8 121 October 28.3 22.8 18 102 November 28.3 22.3 16.8 48 December 28.8 22.4 16.2 16 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable14.5%Perm. crops1.8%Pasture17.7%Forest23.7%Other42.2%
- Arable land
- 16,399,972 hectares (14.5%)
- Permanent crops
- 2,056,961 hectares (1.8%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 20,000,000 hectares (17.7%)
- Forest
- 26,754,940 hectares (23.7%)
- Other land
- 47,638,007 hectares (42.2%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Lake Turkana6,400 km²Lake Tana3,600 km²Abaya Hayk1,160 km²Abhe Bid Hayk/Abhe Bad780 km²Ch'amo Hayk550 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- Epidemics7.1Very high#19/191River floods5.2High#95/191Drought5.1High#44/191Earthquakes4.6Medium#77/191Tsunamis0.0Very lowTropical cyclones0.0Very lowCoastal floods0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +2.53% per year+3,430,134 people/yearWorld Rank22ndof 237
- Birth rate
- 30.3 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 5.7 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- +0.2 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 19.3 yearsWorld Rank207thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years38.5%15-64 years58.1%65 years +3.4%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 3.4%
- Share aged under 18
- 45.0%
- Total dependency ratio
- 72
- Youth dependency ratio
- 66
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 6
- Sex ratio
- 1 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.2% 0.3% 70-79 0.7% 0.8% 60-69 1.6% 1.8% 50-59 2.6% 2.9% 40-49 4.0% 4.1% 30-39 6.5% 6.5% 20-29 9.4% 9.3% 10-19 11.2% 10.8% 0-9 13.9% 13.3% - 2026
- 1.52 above the replacement level for Ethiopia ()3.72 births per womanreplacement 2.201234World Rank28thof 237
- 1.70 daughters per woman0.70 above replacement, long-run each generation larger than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.52
- 2026
- +24.6 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 24.6 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- +0.2 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 24.6% live in cities34,161,990 urban residents
- Largest cities2022
- Addis Ababa, Gondar, Mekele, AdamaRankCity or TownPopulation (2022 projection)1Addis Ababa3,860,0002Gondar466,0003Mekele457,9004Adama456,9005Hawassa422,2006Bahir Dar350,0007Dire Dawa343,0008Dessie270,4009Jimma250,90010Shashemene208,400Source:
- Ethiopian Statistics Service (2022 projection), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated.
- Ethnic groups2022
- Oromo35.8%Amhara24.1%Somali7.2%Tigray5.7%Sidama4.1%Guragie2.6%Welaita2.3%Afar2.2%Silte1.3%Kefficho1.2%Other13.5%
- Religions2016
- Ethiopian Orthodox43.8%Muslim31.3%Protestant22.8%Catholic0.7%Traditional0.6%Other0.8%
- Languages
- Amharic (አማርኛ), Oromo (Afaan Oromoo), Tigrinya (ትግርኛ), Somali (Soomaaliga), Afar (Qafar af)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Ethiopian Statistics Service (2022 projection), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President is nominated by the House of Peoples' Representatives and elected by a two-thirds vote of a joint session with the House of the Federation; the state is "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" (Arts. 1, 70).
- System of government
- ParliamentaryThe Prime Minister is elected from the House of Peoples' Representatives, where the majority party or coalition forms the Government, and is responsible to it with the Council of Ministers; the Prime Minister may dissolve the House early with its consent (Arts. 60, 72, 73).
- Territorial organisation
- Federal
- Official websites
- Capital
- Addis Ababa4 million people(2024)
- National holidays
- 12 days in 2026
- WedJan 7Christmas Day
- MonJan 19Epiphany
- MonMar 2Adwa Victory Day
- FriMar 20Eid al-Fitr (estimated)
- FriApr 10Good Friday
- SunApr 12Easter Sunday
- FriMay 1International Workers' Day
- TueMay 5Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day
- WedMay 27Eid al-Adha (estimated)
- TueAug 25Prophet's Birthday (estimated)
- FriSep 11Ethiopian New Year
- SunSep 27Finding of True Cross
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- EATEast Africa TimeUTC+3
- Currency
- Ethiopian Birr (ETB)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +251
- Internet TLD
- .et
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- ET, ETH
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 15,273,254 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 1
- Aircraft departures
- 147,319 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 4,015.5 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- ET
Sources:- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Ethiopian AirlinesState-owned
- Passenger rail
- Ethiopian Railways Corporation
- 2025
- 38 / 100World Rank96thof 182
Significant improverUp 5 points since 2012, when it scored 33.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 33 30 36 2013 33 29 37 2014 33 29 37 2015 33 29 37 2016 34 31 36 2017 35 33 37 2018 34 32 36 2019 37 34.5 39.5 2020 38 36.4 39.6 2021 39 37 41 2022 38 35.8 40.2 2023 37 35 39 2024 37 34.7 39.3 2025 38 35.8 40.2 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1/1995, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 1st Year No. 1 ↗ - House of Peoples' Representatives
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Low income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +9.2% per yearWorld Rank4thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $1,131 (180th in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services36.6% of GDPIndustry27.8% of GDPAgriculture32.8% of GDPManufacturing4.2%part of industry
- Households
- +80.9%
- Government
- +5.8%
- Investment
- +20.1%
- Exports
- +13.3%
- Imports
- −20.2%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 11.7%down 4.3 percentage points4.3pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 55.1 million (42% of population)World Rank13thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 68.5% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 3.4%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 5.4% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $4.5 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 2% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 2.5% of GDP, $3.2 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt32.3% of GDPInterest on debt0.6% of GDP
- Trade2024
- Goods$5.6 billion42.3%
- Services$7.6 billion57.7%
- Total exports
- $13.2 billion
- Change from 2023
- up 21.4 percent on the previous year21.4%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- 2024
- −1.11World Rank125thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +5% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Broad beans and horse beans (dry), Taro, Sorghum, and 7 more
- 1Broad beans and horse beans (dry)37.7×
- 2Taro20.1×
- 3Sorghum13×
- 4Coffee (green)10.4×
- 5Millet7.5×
- 6Beans (dry)4.1×
- 7Barley3.6×
- 8Cabbages3.3×
- 9Sweet potatoes2.7×
- 10Potatoes2.1×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Industries
- food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, garments, chemicals, metals processing, cement
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2021
- ETB 4,196 per month$96 (USD), $312 (PPP)
- Median
- ETB 3,200 per month($73)
- Men
- ETB 4,617 per month($106)
- Women
- ETB 3,439 per month($79)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.497LowWorld Rank180thof 193EthiopiaWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Ethiopia World 2000 0.293 0.651 2001 0.307 0.657 2002 0.314 0.662 2003 0.317 0.669 2004 0.331 0.675 2005 0.350 0.681 2006 0.366 0.688 2007 0.383 0.694 2008 0.398 0.698 2009 0.405 0.701 2010 0.415 0.707 2011 0.425 0.713 2012 0.433 0.717 2013 0.441 0.721 2014 0.449 0.726 2015 0.456 0.731 2016 0.463 0.735 2017 0.470 0.739 2018 0.476 0.741 2019 0.482 0.745 2020 0.486 0.742 2021 0.487 0.742 2022 0.494 0.752 2023 0.497 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2021
- 31.1
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 2.4 years
- Expected for a child today
- 9.2 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2022
- 60.5% of adults
- Education expenditure2024
- 2.3% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 16.7%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 21.9% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 29.2%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 85.9 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 765,634
- Fixed broadband
- 0.6 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 0% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 13%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 49%
- Mobile-money account
- 9%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 21%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 1 million people
- Asylum seekers
- 64,674
- Internally displaced persons
- 3,135,0002,378,000 due to conflicts, 757,000 due to disasters
- Refugees from Ethiopia abroad
- 166,227
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2024
- Official tourism site536,000 arrivalsdown 34% against 201934% below 2019World Rank101stof 139
- Per resident
- 0.4 arrivals per 100 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 725,000 arrivals
- $5 billion(2023)
- Share of GDP
- 2.6% tourism direct GDP(2019, latest available)
- Residents' trips abroad
- 896,000 overnight trips
- $647.1 million(2023)
- Hotel beds
- 59,353(2019, latest available)
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 12 sites10 cultural2 natural
Site Type Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela Cultural Simien National Park Natural Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region Cultural Aksum Cultural Lower Valley of the Awash Cultural Lower Valley of the Omo Cultural Tiya Cultural Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town Cultural Konso Cultural Landscape Cultural Gedeo Cultural Landscape Cultural Bale Mountains National Park Natural Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Very high8.7 out of 10Conflict and violence, Drought and drier conditions, Floods, International displacement, Political and economic crisis
Crisis Since Sep 2024 Severity Country overallAll crises below combined 8.7Very high Conflict, Climatic and Economic shocks in EthiopiaConflict and violence, Drought and drier conditions, Floods, Political and economic crisis 8.4Very high International Displacement to EthiopiaInternational displacement 6.8High Data reliability as rated by INFORM: High. Last updated Aug 27, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2012
- 8.5 per 100,000 peopleMedium by global standards
- Crime rates
- 1 offence category
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 8.5 8,153 2012 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2020
- 92.5 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 110,000
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 68.1 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 2.8% of GDP$35 per person
- Physicians2023
- 0.14 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2016
- 0.3 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 29.9 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 195 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 3.1 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2024
- 5.2% of adults
- Men
- 8.8%
- Women
- 1.6%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 3.1% of household spendingWorld Rank51stof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 28.2 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 19.4 Mt per yearup 1.8 percent on the previous year1.8% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 0.2 t per personWorld Rank196thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.05%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 131.6 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 41.7 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 192.7 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 18.3 µg/m³ of PM2.51.3 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted69thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- deforestation
- overgrazing
- soil erosion
- desertification
- loss of biodiversity
- water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management
- industrial pollution and pesticides contribute to air, water, and soil pollution
Source:- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- International agreements
- 15 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 44 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2017 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1995 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1995 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1994 CITES in force 1989 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 2010 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands not a party World Heritage Convention in force 1977 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1997 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 2000 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury signed 2013, not ratified Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed 1982, not ratified High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) not a party MARPOL 73/78 not a party Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 42.7% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 122 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 973 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 0% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 11 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 92%
- Water stress
- 32% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 23.5% of the population28.3 million people
- Obesity2024
- 2.9% of adults
- Men
- 1.4%
- Women
- 4.4%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2019
- 21.2% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 2.47 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.05%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 27% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Exports only, 1.8 TWh exported, nothing imported in 202417 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 17 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 11 TWh per year
- Exports
- 1.8 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Production endedlast produced in 2016Oil reserves2025428,000 barrelsWorld Rank99thof 99Consumption2024103,689 b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.7% of GDP$921.7 million, 6.9% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- estimated 150,000–300,000active-duty Defense ForceEstimates vary widely.
- Military service2025
- Voluntaryno compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory; ages 18–22; 24-month service obligation
- Space program2025
- Ethiopian Space Science and Geospatial Institute (ESSGI; formed in 2022 from the joining of the Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute or ESSTI and the Ethiopian Geospatial Information Institute or EGII)
Focuses on acquiring and operating satellites, as well as conducting research; jointly builds satellites with foreign partners, and operates and exploits remote sensing (RS) satellites; developing the ability to manufacture satellites and their payloads; involved in astronomy and the construction of space observatories; works with a variety of countries, including China, France, India, Russia, and multiple African countries, particularly Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda; shares RS data with neighboring countries
- 2015
- Established Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center
- 2019
- First remote sensing (RS) satellite (Ethiopia RS Satellite or ETRSS-1) built and launched by China
- 2020
- Second RS satellite (ET-SMART-RSS) built with assistance from and launched by China; began construction of satellite manufacturing, assembly, integration, and testing facility
- 2021
- Established a multi-mission ground control station for RS satellites
- 2024
- Declared second satellite ground station operational
- 2025
- Announced plans to launch third RS satellite (ETRSS-02) in partnership with China in 2026
Key milestones
Source:- The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Ethiopia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
