National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Peru
- Official name (in Spanish)
- República del Perú
- Official name (in Quechua)
- Piruw Ripuwlika
- Official name (in Aymara)
- Piruwxa Ripuwlika
- Name etymology
the name may derive from the Guarani word biru, meaning "river"
Sources:- Political Constitution of Peru ↗ - Presidency of the Republic of Peru - Peruvian State Platform
- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
Translated from El Peruano, the Official Gazette of Peru The national flag is rectangular in shape and consists of three vertical stripes, with the colours red, white and red, without a coat of arms.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from El Peruano, the Official Gazette of Peru The national flag, created by the Law of 25 February 1825, is the principal ensign that symbolizes the sovereignty and national identity of Peru.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru According to the Ministry of Culture, red represents patriot blood and white, freedom.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru FIRST FLAG: THE FLAG OF INDEPENDENCE
The first flag of Peru was made official on 21 October 1820 by Don José de San Martín.
In Pisco, San Martín signed the decree that established the provisional symbols of the country: “There shall be adopted as the national flag of the country one of silk, or linen, eight feet long and six wide, divided by diagonal lines into four fields, the two at the upper and lower ends white, and the side ones crimson; with an oval laurel wreath, and within it a sun, rising from behind rugged mountains that rise above a calm sea”, the decree stated.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Peruvian Publishing Services Company (Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S.A.) Captain Taype points out that the reason for the creation of the first two-coloured banner was undoubtedly military and is not inspired by the dream of General San Martín, which is in reality a story written by Abraham Valdelomar that became popular, to such an extent that many Peruvians still believe that the latter is the true origin of the flag.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru Second flag
This second flag was created by José Bernardo de Tagle and made official on 15 March 1822. Its design has three horizontal stripes, of which two are red at the sides and one white in the centre. In the middle of the flag was a red sun.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru Third flag
The flag was changed by José Bernardo de Tagle when he realized that it was being confused with that of Spain, from whose rule Peru had just become independent.
Therefore, he changed the horizontal red stripes to a vertical position, keeping the red sun in the centre. It was made official on 31 May 1822.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru Fourth flag
This flag lasted more than a century and was created by the decree of the Constituent Congress. It entered into force on 25 February 1825.
In its design it keeps the two vertical red stripes and a white one and adds the national coat of arms in its centre
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru Fifth flag
This national symbol was created by President Manuel A. Odría and has been in force from 31 March 1950 to the present day.
It is characterized by keeping the three vertical stripes, red at the ends and white in the middle, although the national coat of arms that the previous flag had was removed.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- busquedas.elperuano.pe ↗ - El Peruano, the Official Gazette of Peru
- tvperu.gob.pe ↗ - the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru
- elperuano.pe ↗ - the Peruvian Publishing Services Company (Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S.A.)
- National anthem
- Himno Nacional del Perú3:09
- Title (in Spanish)
- Himno Nacional del Perú
- Title (in English, translated)
- National Anthem of Peru
- Lyrics
ChorusSomos libres, seámoslo siempre, y antes niegue sus luces sus luces, sus luces el sol que faltemos al voto solemne que la patria al eterno elevó. que faltemos al voto solemne que la patria al eterno elevó. que faltemos al voto solemne que la patria al eterno elevó.
1Largo tiempo el peruano oprimido la ominosa cadena arrastró; condenado a una cruel servidumbre largo tiempo, largo tiempo largo tiempo en silencio gimió. Más apenas el grito sagrado ¡Libertad! en sus costas se oyó, la indolencia de esclavo sacude, la humillada , la humillada la humillada cerviz levantó cerviz levantó.
Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,2Y al estruendo de broncas cadenas que escuchamos tres siglos de horror, de los libres al grito sagrado que oyó atónito el mundo, cesó. Por doquier San Martín inflamado, libertad, libertad, pronunció, y meciendo su base los andes la anunciaron, también, a una voz.
Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,3Con su influjo los pueblos despiertan y cual rayo corrió la opinión; desde el istmo a las tierras del fuego desde el fuego a la helada región. Todos juran romper el enlace que natura a ambos mundos negó, y quebrar ese cetro que España, reclinaba orgulloso en los dos.
Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,4Lima, cumple ese voto solemne, y, severa, su enojo mostró, al tirano impotente lanzando que intentaba alargar su opresión. A su esfuerzo saltaron los grillos y los surcos que en sí reparó, le atizaron el odio y venganza que heredara de su Inca y Señor.
Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,5Compatriotas no más, verla esclava si humillada tres siglos gimió, para siempre jurémosla libre manteniendo su propio esplendor. Nuestros brazos, hasta hoy desarmados estén siempre cebando el cañón, que algún día las playas de Iberia, sentirán de su estruendo el terror.
Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,6Excitemos los celos de España pues presiente con mengua y furor que en concurso de grandes naciones nuestra patria entrará en parangón. En la lista que de éstas se forme llenaremos primero el reglón que el tirano ambicioso Iberino, que la América toda asoló.
Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,7En su cima los andes sostengan la bandera o pendón bicolor que a los siglos anuncie el esfuerzo que ser libres, por siempre nos dio. A su sombra vivamos tranquilos, y al nacer por sus cumbres el sol, renovemos el gran juramento que rendimos al Dios de Jacob.
Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,Source: - Citizens
- Peruvians
- Official name:Political Constitution of Peru ↗ - Presidency of the Republic of Peru - Peruvian State Platform
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- National flag:busquedas.elperuano.pe ↗ - El Peruano, the Official Gazette of Peru
- National flag:tvperu.gob.pe ↗ - the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru
- National flag:elperuano.pe ↗ - the Peruvian Publishing Services Company (Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S.A.)
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Total area
- 1,285,216 km²
- Land area
- 1,279,996 km²
- Water area
- 5,220 km²
- Land borders
- 7,062 km(5 countries)
- Coastline
- 2,414 km
- Terrain
Western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) - Mean elevation
- 1,555 m
- Highest point
- 6,746 mNevado Huascaran
- Lowest point
- 0 mPacific Ocean
- Climate
Varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes - Avg. temperature
- 18.8 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 15 to 23.8 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 2,156 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 24 19.3 16.1 256 February 23.8 19.3 16.2 262 March 23.9 19.2 16.1 276 April 23.9 19 15.5 202 May 23.5 18.5 14.6 143 June 22.9 17.9 13.8 106 July 22.9 17.5 13.2 89 August 23.7 18.1 13.6 90 September 24.2 18.7 14.5 124 October 24.3 19.1 15.2 173 November 24.3 19.3 15.6 197 December 24.1 19.3 15.9 239 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable3.1%Perm. crops1.8%Pasture14.2%Forest52.9%Other28.0%
- Arable land
- 3,918,431 hectares (3.1%)
- Permanent crops
- 2,280,207 hectares (1.8%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 18,186,922 hectares (14.2%)
- Forest
- 67,758,436 hectares (52.9%)
- Other land
- 35,856,004 hectares (28.0%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Lago Titicaca8,030 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- Earthquakes9.6Very high#4/191Tsunamis9.1Very high#4/191River floods6.6Very high#52/191Epidemics5.6High#71/191Drought3.8Medium#70/191Coastal floods3.3Low#98/191Tropical cyclones0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +1.00% per year+345,483 people/yearWorld Rank100thof 237
- Birth rate
- 15.3 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 5.7 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- +0.2 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 30.5 yearsWorld Rank132ndof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years23.3%15-64 years67.0%65 years +9.7%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 9.7%
- Share aged under 18
- 28.2%
- Total dependency ratio
- 49
- Youth dependency ratio
- 35
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 14
- Sex ratio
- 0.99 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.9% 1.3% 70-79 2.0% 2.3% 60-69 3.5% 3.6% 50-59 5.2% 5.2% 40-49 6.5% 6.6% 30-39 7.6% 7.9% 20-29 8.0% 8.0% 10-19 8.2% 7.9% 0-9 7.8% 7.5% - 2026
- 0.18 below the replacement level for Peru ()1.93 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank116thof 237
- 0.92 daughters per woman0.08 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +9.5 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 9.5 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- +0.2 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 86.0% live in cities30,031,477 urban residents
- Largest cities2022
- Lima, Arequipa, Trujillo, ChiclayoRankCityPopulation (2022 unofficial estimate)1Lima11,166,2002Arequipa1,125,4003Trujillo1,025,1004Chiclayo663,2005Piura547,1006Cusco492,4007Huancayo450,9008Iquitos430,7009Pucallpa396,40010Chimbote395,100Source:
- National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, Peru (2022 unofficial estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated.
- Ethnic groups2017
- Mestizo60.2%Indigenous25.8%White5.9%African descent3.6%Other1.2%Unspecified3.3%
Other includes Chinese and Japanese descent.Mestizo denotes mixed Indigenous and White ancestry.
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Religions2017
- Catholic76.0%Evangelical Christian15.7%None5.1%Other religion3.2%
- Languages
- Spanish (Español), Quechua (Runa Simi), Aymara (Aymar aru)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, Peru (2022 unofficial estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of the Republic is Head of State and personifies the Nation, elected by direct suffrage, with a runoff between the top two if no candidate wins more than half the votes (Arts. 110, 111).
- System of government
- Semi-presidentialThe President appoints and removes the President of the Council of Ministers; the Chamber of Deputies can censure the Council or individual ministers, and the President may dissolve it after it censures or refuses confidence to two Councils (Arts. 122, 132, 134).Source:
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government (in Spanish)
- President (in Spanish)
- Parliament (in Spanish)
- Capital
- Lima10.3 million people(2023)
- National holidays
- 17 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- ThuApr 2Maundy Thursday
- FriApr 3Good Friday
- SunApr 5Easter Sunday
- FriMay 1Labor Day
- SunJun 7Battle of Arica and Flag Day
- MonJun 29Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Day
- ThuJul 23Peruvian Air Force Day
- TueJul 28Independence Day
- WedJul 29Great Military Parade Day
- ThuAug 6Battle of Junín Day
- SunAug 30Rose of Lima Day
- ThuOct 8Battle of Angamos Day
- SunNov 1All Saints' Day
- TueDec 8Immaculate Conception
- WedDec 9Battle of Ayacucho Day
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- PETPeru Standard TimeUTC−5
- Currency
- Peruvian Sol (PEN)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information (in Spanish)
- Calling code
- +51
- Internet TLD
- .pe
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- PE, PER
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 17,717,403 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 7
- Aircraft departures
- 125,564 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 299.2 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- OB
Sources:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- 2025
- 30 / 100World Rank130thof 182
Significant declinerDown 8 points since 2020, when it scored 38.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 38 35 42 2013 38 34 42 2014 38 34 42 2015 36 31 41 2016 35 32 39 2017 37 32 42 2018 35 30 40 2019 36 31 41 2020 38 34.8 41.2 2021 36 33 39 2022 36 33.6 38.4 2023 33 30.7 35.3 2024 31 27.3 34.7 2025 30 26.4 33.6 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constitución Política del Perú, promulgada el 29 de diciembre de 1993, Edición Oficial, mayo de 2026 ↗ - Congress of the Republic of Peru
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +3% per yearWorld Rank98thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $11,498 (87th in the world)
Source:- 2024
- Services50.9% of GDPIndustry34.3% of GDPAgriculture7.5% of GDPManufacturing12.2%part of industry
- Households
- +58.5%
- Government
- +13.1%
- Investment
- +20.3%
- Exports
- +30%
- Imports
- −21.8%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 3.8%up 2.3 percentage points2.3pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 18.9 million (55% of population)World Rank35thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 72.8% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 5.2%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 9.7% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $15.2 per hour worked at PPP
- Labor cost2024
- PEN 8.75 per hour$2.33 (USD), $4.49 (PPP)
- Budget balance2026
- 1.5% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 4% of GDP, $16 billion surplus
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt30.9% of GDPInterest on debt1.5% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$94 billion92.5%
- Services$7.6 billion7.5%
- Total exports
- $101.6 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 21.9 percent on the previous year21.9%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- 2024
- −0.59World Rank102ndof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +1.5% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Avocados, Green corn (maize), Pineapples, and 7 more
- 1Avocados20.4×
- 2Green corn (maize)12.3×
- 3Pineapples5×
- 4Potatoes4.2×
- 5Bananas4.2×
- 6Meat of chickens (fresh or chilled)3.6×
- 7Tangerines and mandarins (including clementines)3.1×
- 8Grapes3.1×
- 9Oranges2.1×
- 10Sugar cane1.5×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 34.7 tonnesWorth $4.9 billion, 5% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- mining and refining of minerals
- steel, metal fabrication
- petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction
- fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity, Labor cost:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- PEN 2,008 per month$563 (USD), $1,042 (PPP)
- Median
- PEN 1,520 per month($426)
- Men
- PEN 2,170 per month($608)
- Women
- PEN 1,784 per month($500)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- PEN 1,025 per month, gross$273 (USD), $526 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.794HighWorld Rank79thof 193PeruWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Peru World 1990 0.625 0.608 1991 0.628 0.611 1992 0.629 0.614 1993 0.633 0.617 1994 0.644 0.620 1995 0.654 0.625 1996 0.658 0.631 1997 0.663 0.636 1998 0.671 0.641 1999 0.680 0.646 2000 0.682 0.651 2001 0.690 0.657 2002 0.690 0.662 2003 0.689 0.669 2004 0.694 0.675 2005 0.691 0.681 2006 0.697 0.688 2007 0.708 0.694 2008 0.714 0.698 2009 0.717 0.701 2010 0.731 0.707 2011 0.738 0.713 2012 0.748 0.717 2013 0.757 0.721 2014 0.763 0.726 2015 0.768 0.731 2016 0.775 0.735 2017 0.775 0.739 2018 0.780 0.741 2019 0.784 0.745 2020 0.769 0.742 2021 0.764 0.742 2022 0.790 0.752 2023 0.794 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2024
- 40.1
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 10.2 years
- Expected for a child today
- 14.9 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2024
- 93.7% of adults
- Education expenditure2024
- 4.4% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 19.2%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 82% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 55.5%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 42.6 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 1,396,821
- Fixed broadband
- 11.7 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 13% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 37%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 59%
- Mobile-money account
- 42%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 52%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 6,779 people
- Asylum seekers
- 548,233
- Stateless persons
- 32
- Internally displaced persons
- 87,90082,000 due to conflicts, 5,900 due to disasters
- Refugees from Peru abroad
- 6,551
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2022
- Official tourism site2 million arrivalsdown 54% against 201954% below 2019World Rank68thof 139
- Per resident
- 6 arrivals per 100 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 269,200 arrivals
- $4.9 billion(2024)
- Share of GDP
- 2.9% tourism direct GDP(2024)
- Domestic trips
- 36.1 million overnight trips by residents(2013, latest available)
- Residents' trips abroad
- 2.1 million overnight trips
- $4.4 billion(2024)
- Hotel beds
- 532,714
- Average hotel stay
- 1.8 nights
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2022A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 13 sites9 cultural2 natural2 mixed
Site Type Cuzco Cultural Machu Picchu Mixed Chavin Cultural Historic Lima Cultural Huascarán National Park Natural Chan Chan Cultural Manú National Park Natural Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca Cultural Rio Abiseo National Park Mixed Historic Arequipa Cultural Sacred City of Caral-Supe Cultural Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System Cultural The Factbook names 12 of the 13 sites.
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Medium6.0 out of 10International displacementSeverity by monthSep 2024 to Aug 2026What the score is made ofImpact of the crisis6.5Conditions of people affected6.9Complexity of the crisis4.2
Data reliability as rated by INFORM: Very high. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2021
- Medium by global standards8.6 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank23rdof 115
- Crime rates
- 6 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 8.6 2,853 2021 Serious assault 9.2 3,075 2022 Sexual violence 70.2 23,497 2022 Kidnapping 3.7 1,229 2022 Theft 406.7 136,133 2022 Vehicle theft 88.8 29,730 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 285.3 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 96,578
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 78.3 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 5.6% of GDP$446 per person
- Physicians2023
- 1.69 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2023
- 1.6 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 9.6 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 51 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 6.8 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2023
- 12.9% of adults
- Men
- 22.7%
- Women
- 3%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 2.5% of household spendingWorld Rank61stof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 13.6 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 69.3 Mt per yearup 6.4 percent on the previous year6.4% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 2 t per personWorld Rank123rdof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.17%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 25.8 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 7.6 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 1.1 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 103.8 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 24.7 µg/m³ of PM2.51.9 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted38thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 25 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- deforestation (some the result of illegal logging)
- overgrazing leading to soil erosion
- desertification
- air pollution in Lima
- pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
- overfishing
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- International agreements
- 18 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 111 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1993 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1989 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1993 CITES in force 1975 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 1997 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1992 World Heritage Convention in force 1982 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1996 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1994 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2005 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2005 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea not a party High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) signed 2025, not ratified MARPOL 73/78 in force 1983 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 13.3% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 1,880 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 56,155 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 13% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 26 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 81%
- Water stress
- 5% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 7.1% of the population2.4 million people
- Obesity2024
- 29.2% of adults
- Men
- 24.9%
- Women
- 33.3%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2023
- 2.7% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 32.2 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.17%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 94% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- 59 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 59 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 53 TWh per year
- Imports
- 0 TWh per year
- Exports
- 0 TWh per year
- Net
- −0 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 47% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves2025671.2 million barrelsWorld Rank42ndof 99
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Mineral resources2025
- Copper
Mineral Mine production Reserves Copper 2.7 million t11.7% of world 85 million t USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.9% of GDP$2.6 billion, 4.1% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 85,000active-duty Armed Forces; approximately 75,000 National PoliceEstimates vary.
- Army
- 50,000
- Navy
- 25,000
- Air Force
- 10,000
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Military service2025
- Voluntaryages 18–30, 12–24 months
As of 2024, women made up about 11% of the active-duty military.
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Space program2025
- National Aerospace Research and Development Commission (Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacia, CONIDA; established 1974)
Focuses on acquiring satellites, applying space applications such as data satellite imagery, and building small rockets; has built a small science/technology satellite; operates satellites and processes satellite imagery data; builds and launches sounding rockets with goal of developing a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV); researching, developing, and acquiring technologies for manufacturing satellites and satellite payloads, including remote sensing (RS) capabilities; member of Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) since its formation in 2021; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, China, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France and Germany), India, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, and the US, as well as other ALCE signatories
- Launch sites
- In 2024, Peru announced an initiative to develop a future spaceport in Talara (Piura department)
- 2006
- Launched first sounding rocket/space probe (Paulet-1)
- 2013
- First domestically built scientific/research satellite (PUCP-SAT-1) launched by Russia; launched first domestically built rocket (Paulet 1-B) capable of reaching the stratosphere
- 2016
- First remote sensing satellite (PeruSat-1) acquired from France and launched on European rocket
- 2024
- Signed US-led Artemis Accords on space and lunar exploration
Key milestones
Source:- The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Peru - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
