National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of the Union of Myanmar
- Official name (in Burmese)
- ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
- Official name (in Burmese, Romanized)
- Pyi-daung-zu Thamma-da Myan-ma Naing-ngan-daw
- Name etymology
both "Burma" and "Myanmar" derive from the name of the majority Burman (Bamar) ethnic group, with the term myanma, or "the strong," being the group's name for itself
Sources:- Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) ↗ - The Republic of the Union of Myanmanr - Ministry of Information
- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- National seal
- National flag
-
The background colours of the Union flag are yellow, green and red. The yellow, green and red colours shall each be equal to one-third [...]
-
A large white star with five vertices shall be superimposed on the background of yellow, green and red colours;
- The upper vertex of the large white star shall be at the mid-point of the length of the Union flag [...] shall point directly upwards
- The yellow colour indicates the meaning of unity, conformity, huge wisdom, happiness and unity of all national races amicably;
- The green colour indicates the meaning of fertility, conformity, fairness and being a peaceful, pleasant, and greening nation;
- The red colour indicates the meaning of bravery and decisiveness;
- The white colour of the star indicates the meaning of purity, honesty, fullness of compassion and power.
As published by Government of Republic of the Union of Myanmar As published in EnglishAs published by Government of Republic of the Union of Myanmar 3. The meanings of the colours of the Union flag and the white colour of the Star are as follows:
As published in EnglishAs published by Government of Republic of the Union of Myanmar The yellow, green and red colours included as background colours indicate the three-coloured flag which was applied magnificently in the period of struggle for the independence of Myanmar.
As published in EnglishSource:- myanmar.gov.mm ↗ - Government of Republic of the Union of Myanmar
-
- National anthem
- Kaba Ma Kyei (ကမ္ဘာမကြေ)0:39
- Title (in Burmese)
- ကမ္ဘာမကြေ
- Title (in Burmese, Romanized)
- Kaba Ma Kyei
- Title (in English, translated)
- ‘Til the End of the World
- Lyrics (short version)
- Lyrics (full version)
ကမ္ဘာမကျေ၊ မြန်မာပြည်၊ တို့ဘိုးဘွား အမွေစစ်မို့ ချစ်မြတ်နိုးပေ။ ကမ္ဘာမကျေ၊ မြန်မာပြည်၊ တို့ဘိုးဘွား အမွေစစ်မို့ ချစ်မြတ်နိုးပေ။ ပြည်ထောင်စုကို အသက်ပေးလို့ တို့ကာကွယ်မလေ၊ ဒါတို့ပြည် ဒါတို့မြေ တို့ပိုင်နက်မြေ။ တို့ပြည် တို့မြေ အကျိုးကို ညီညာစွာတို့တစ်တွေ ထမ်းဆောင်ပါစို့လေ တို့တာဝန်ပေ အဖိုးတန်မြေ။
တရားမျှတ လွတ်လပ်ခြင်းနဲ့မသွေ၊ (တို့ပြည်၊ တို့မြေ၊) များလူခပ်သိမ်း၊ ငြိမ်းချမ်းစေဖို့၊ ခွင့်တူညီမျှ၊ ဝါဒဖြူစင်တဲ့ပြည၊ (တို့ပြည်၊ တို့မြေ၊) ပြည်ထောင်စုအမွေ၊ အမြဲတည်တံ့စေ၊ အဓိဋ္ဌာန်ပြုပေ၊ ထိန်းသိမ်းစို့လေ ။ (ကမ္ဘာမကျေ၊ မြန်မာပြည်၊ တို့ဘိုးဘွား အမွေစစ်မို့ ချစ်မြတ်နိုးပေ။) ပြည်ထောင်စုကို အသက်ပေးလို့ တို့ကာကွယ်မလေ၊ ဒါတို့ပြည် ဒါတို့မြေ တို့ပိုင်နက်မြေ။ တို့ပြည် တို့မြေ အကျိုးကို ညီညာစွာတို့တစ်တွေ ထမ်းဆောင်ပါစို့လေ တို့တာဝန်ပေ အဖိုးတန်မြေ။
Source: - Citizens
- Burmese
- Official name:Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) ↗ - The Republic of the Union of Myanmanr - Ministry of Information
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- National flag:myanmar.gov.mm ↗ - Government of Republic of the Union of Myanmar
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
- Total area
- 676,578 km²
- Land area
- 653,508 km²
- Water area
- 23,070 km²
- Land borders
- 6,522 km(5 countries)
- Thailand
- 2,416 km
- China
- 2,129 km
- India
- 1,468 km
- Bangladesh
- 271 km
- Laos
- 238 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Coastline
- 1,930 km
- Terrain
Central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands - Mean elevation
- 702 m
- Highest point
- 5,870 mGamlang Razi
- Lowest point
- 0 mAndaman Sea/Bay of Bengal
- Climate
Tropical monsoon cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) - Avg. temperature
- 23.6 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 19.3 to 28.9 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 2,349 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 25.9 18.5 12.5 22 February 28.5 20.8 14 22 March 31.4 24.1 17.4 40 April 32.9 26.5 20.8 73 May 31.2 26.3 22.5 257 June 29.3 25.7 23.2 427 July 28.6 25.4 23.1 482 August 28.6 25.3 22.9 438 September 28.9 25.1 22.4 330 October 28.6 24.2 20.9 194 November 27.4 21.8 17.4 48 December 25.7 19.1 13.8 17 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable16.9%Perm. crops2.3%Pasture0.7%Forest42.4%Other37.7%
- Arable land
- 11,007,332 hectares (16.9%)
- Permanent crops
- 1,510,000 hectares (2.3%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 480,000 hectares (0.7%)
- Forest
- 27,674,744 hectares (42.4%)
- Other land
- 24,594,924 hectares (37.7%)
Source: - Natural hazards2026
- River floods8.8Very high#9/191Tsunamis8.3Very high#11/191Earthquakes8.2Very high#22/191Coastal floods8.0Very high#14/191Epidemics6.3High#44/191Tropical cyclones5.8High#28/191Drought0.9Very low#153/191
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +0.61% per year+334,171 people/yearWorld Rank126thof 237
- Birth rate
- 16.0 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 9.3 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −0.7 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 30.4 yearsWorld Rank133rdof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years23.9%15-64 years68.4%65 years +7.7%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 7.7%
- Share aged under 18
- 28.6%
- Total dependency ratio
- 46
- Youth dependency ratio
- 35
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 11
- Sex ratio
- 0.99 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.3% 0.5% 70-79 1.5% 2.1% 60-69 3.5% 4.1% 50-59 5.4% 5.7% 40-49 7.0% 7.0% 30-39 7.7% 7.6% 20-29 8.1% 7.9% 10-19 8.1% 7.7% 0-9 8.2% 7.7% - 2026
- 0.14 below the replacement level for Myanmar ()2.06 births per womanreplacement 2.20123World Rank106thof 237
- 0.94 daughters per woman0.06 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +6.7 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 6.7 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −0.7 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 30.7% live in cities16,962,075 urban residents
- Largest cities2024
- Yangon, Mandalay, Naypyitaw, MyitkyinaRankCity or TownPopulation (2024 census)1Yangon4,584,6222Mandalay1,162,5003Naypyitaw358,6794Myitkyina312,7005Bago276,9876Mawlamyine229,4947Kalay207,9938Pyinoolwin202,0039Taunggyi181,60010Pathein165,000Source:
- Department of Population, Myanmar (2024 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated.
- Ethnic groups
- Burman (Bamar)68.0%Shan9.0%Karen7.0%Rakhine4.0%Chinese3.0%Indian2.0%Mon2.0%Other5.0%
- Religions2014
- Muslims were probably under 3% by 2019 after Rohingya outmigration.Buddhist87.9%Christian6.2%Muslim4.3%Animist0.8%Hindu0.5%Other0.2%None0.1%
Based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith.
Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Languages
- Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Department of Population, Myanmar (2024 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe 2021 state of emergency ended in July 2025 and parliament reconvened in March 2026. The President is chosen by a Presidential Electoral College of three groups of legislators, one of them Defence Services members nominated by the Commander-in-Chief (s. 60).
- System of government
- Assembly-independentUnder the 2008 Constitution the President, chosen by an electoral college of Hluttaw (parliament) members, heads the Union and executive, with no prime minister; Union Ministers answer to the President, and the Hluttaw can remove the President only by impeachment (ss. 16, 60, 203, 232).
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Territorial control
- ContestedThe United League of Arakan / Arakan Army controls much of Rakhine State.
- Official websites
- Capital
- Nay Pyi Taw399,599 people(2024)
- National holidays
- 27 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- SunJan 4Independence Day
- ThuFeb 12Union Day
- TueFeb 17Chinese New Year
- MonMar 2Full Moon Day of TabaungPeasants' Day
- FriMar 27Armed Forces Day
- MonApr 13Myanmar New Year
- TueApr 14Myanmar New Year
- WedApr 15Myanmar New Year
- ThuApr 16Myanmar New Year
- FriApr 17Myanmar New Year
- SatApr 18Myanmar New Year
- SunApr 19Myanmar New Year
- MonApr 20Myanmar New Year
- TueApr 21Myanmar New Year
- ThuApr 30Full Moon Day of Kason
- FriMay 1May Day
- ThuMay 28Eid al-Adha (estimated)
- SunJul 19Martyrs' Day
- WedJul 29Full Moon Day of Waso
- SunOct 25Thadingyut Holidays
- MonOct 26Thadingyut Holidays
- TueOct 27Thadingyut Holidays
- TueNov 10Diwali
- TueNov 24Full Moon Day of Tazaungmon
- FriDec 4National Day
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- MMTMyanmar TimeUTC+6:30
- Currency
- Myanmar Kyat (MMK)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +95
- Internet TLD
- .mm
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- MM, MMR
- Infrastructure
- Railways5,031 km
- Passengers carried
- 3,541,244 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 6
- Aircraft departures
- 43,257 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 9.9 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- XY
Sources:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Myanmar National AirlinesState-owned
- 2025
- 16 / 100World Rank169thof 182
Significant declinerDown 14 points since 2017, when it scored 30.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 15 9 21 2013 21 15 27 2014 21 16 26 2015 22 17 27 2016 28 22 34 2017 30 24 36 2018 29 23 35 2019 29 22.1 35.9 2020 28 23.7 32.3 2021 28 23.4 32.6 2022 23 19.9 26.1 2023 20 16.2 23.8 2024 16 12.7 19.3 2025 16 12.8 19.2 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation, Territorial control:ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈) / Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008), bilingual Myanmar-English edition, September 2008 ↗ - Printing & Publishing Enterprise, Ministry of Information of Myanmar
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Lower middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +2% per yearWorld Rank131stof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $1,507 (170th in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services38.5% of GDPIndustry36.2% of GDPAgriculture25.3% of GDPManufacturing25.1%part of industryThe shape of the economySource:
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 20%down 1.1 percentage points1.1pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 22.7 million (42% of population)World Rank30thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 55.1% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 2.9%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 10.0% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $5.9 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 5% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 0.8% of GDP, $669 million deficit
Source: - Debt
- Central government debt202461.3% of GDPHousehold debt20200.9% of GDPCompany debt202026.2% of GDPInterest on debt20242.5% of GDP
- Trade2019latest available
- Goods$10.8 billion61.9%
- Services$6.7 billion38.1%
- Total exports
- $17.5 billion
- Change from 2018
- up 11.4 percent on the previous year11.4%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- 2024
- −1.00World Rank117thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +4% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Sesame seed, Beans (dry), Rice, and 7 more
- 1Sesame seed19.3×
- 2Beans (dry)14.1×
- 3Rice6×
- 4Plantains and cooking bananas5.9×
- 5Groundnuts (in shell)5.3×
- 6Coconuts (in shell)3.6×
- 7Onions and shallots (dry)1.7×
- 8Sugar cane1.1×
- 9Meat of chickens (fresh or chilled)1×
- 10Raw milk of cattle0.4×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Industries
- agricultural processing
- wood and wood products
- copper, tin, tungsten, iron
- cement, construction materials
- pharmaceuticals
- fertilizer
- oil and natural gas
- garments
- jade and gems
Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2020
- MMK 187,873 per month$136 (USD), $431 (PPP)
- Median
- MMK 180,000 per month($130)
- Men
- MMK 197,568 per month($143)
- Women
- MMK 173,165 per month($125)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2020latest available
- MMK 124,800 per month, gross$90 (USD), $287 (PPP)
- Share of the average gross salary
- 66%
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.609MediumWorld Rank150thof 193MyanmarWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Myanmar World 1990 0.347 0.608 1991 0.354 0.611 1992 0.368 0.614 1993 0.374 0.617 1994 0.381 0.620 1995 0.385 0.625 1996 0.391 0.631 1997 0.396 0.636 1998 0.399 0.641 1999 0.406 0.646 2000 0.415 0.651 2001 0.423 0.657 2002 0.433 0.662 2003 0.443 0.669 2004 0.453 0.675 2005 0.463 0.681 2006 0.473 0.688 2007 0.483 0.694 2008 0.468 0.698 2009 0.504 0.701 2010 0.515 0.707 2011 0.525 0.713 2012 0.535 0.717 2013 0.546 0.721 2014 0.557 0.726 2015 0.566 0.731 2016 0.574 0.735 2017 0.587 0.739 2018 0.600 0.741 2019 0.610 0.745 2020 0.609 0.742 2021 0.605 0.742 2022 0.606 0.752 2023 0.609 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2017
- 30.7
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 6.4 years
- Expected for a child today
- 11.5 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2020
- 93.5% of adults
- Education expenditure2019
- 2% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 9.7%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 62.3 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 558,671
- Fixed broadband
- 2.9 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2021
- 2% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 26%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 48%
- Mobile-money account
- 29%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 40%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 0 people
- Stateless persons
- 550,524
- Internally displaced persons
- 3,920,0003,639,000 due to conflicts, 281,000 due to disasters
- Refugees from Myanmar abroad
- 1,467,557
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2024
- Official tourism site808,000 arrivals(estimated)down 81% against 201981% below 2019World Rank90thof 139
- Per resident
- 1.5 arrivals per 100 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 255,000 arrivals(estimated)
- Visitor spending in the country
- $2.5 billion(2019, latest available)
- Domestic trips
- 10 million overnight trips by residents(estimated)
- Residents' spending abroad
- $214 million(2019, latest available)
- Hotel beds
- 189,720(2022)
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 2 sites2 cultural
Site Pyu Ancient Cities Bagan Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Very high9.5 out of 10Conflict and violence, Cyclone, Earthquake, Floods, International displacementSeverity by monthSep 2024 to Aug 2026What the score is made ofImpact of the crisis9.8Conditions of people affected9.5Complexity of the crisis9.2
Data reliability as rated by INFORM: Very high. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2022
- Medium by global standards3.9 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank39thof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 3.9 2,098 2022 Serious assault 1.7 927 2023 Sexual violence 0.0 18 2020 Kidnapping 0.0 13 2023 Burglary 0.1 34 2022 Theft 5.6 3,025 2022 Vehicle theft 1.9 1,010 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2020
- 189.2 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 100,324
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 67.5 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 4.5% of GDP$56 per person
- Physicians2019
- 0.76 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2020
- 1.1 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 31.6 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 185 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 1.9 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2015latest available
- 49.9% of adults
- Men
- 74.2%
- Women
- 25.7%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 0.5% of household spendingWorld Rank97thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 20.4 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 31.4 Mt per yearup 0.4 percent on the previous year0.4% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 0.6 t per personWorld Rank170thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.08%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 72.7 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 13.1 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0.58 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 117.8 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 29.7 µg/m³ of PM2.52.4 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted22ndof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- deforestation
- industrial pollution of air, soil, and water
- inadequate sanitation and water treatment
- rapid depletion of the country's natural resources
Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- International agreements
- 16 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 58 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2017 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1995 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1994 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1994 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1995 CITES in force 1997 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) not a party Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2008 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 2005 World Heritage Convention in force 1994 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1997 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 2015 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) not a party Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury not a party Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1996 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) not a party MARPOL 73/78 in force 1988 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 19.4% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 1,168 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 21,724 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 14% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 33 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 89%
- Water stress
- 6% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 4.6% of the population2.5 million people
- Obesity2024
- 8.1% of adults
- Men
- 5.8%
- Women
- 10.4%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2018
- 19.5% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 9.27 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.08%
- Supply
- Surplusproduces 1.2× what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- 22 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 22 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 20 TWh per year
- Imports
- 0.2 TWh per year
- Exports
- 0 TWh per year
- Net
- −0.2 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 5% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves2025139 million barrelsWorld Rank65thof 99Exports20184,697 b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Mineral resources2025
- Rare earths
Mineral Mine production Reserves Rare earthsas rare-earth oxide 22,000 t5.6% of world Not available USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 6.8% of GDP$5 billion, 29.1% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- estimated 150,000active military personnelEstimates vary.
The Tatmadaw has reportedly suffered heavy personnel losses in the ongoing fighting against anti-regime forces.
Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Military service2025
- Conscriptionmen 18–35, women 18–27, 24 months, voluntary or conscripted; conscripted professional men 18–45 and women 18–35, including doctors, engineers, and mechanics, serve up to 36 months; service terms may be extended to 60 months in an officially declared emergency
In February 2024, the military government announced that the People’s Military Service Law requiring mandatory military service would go into effect; the Service Law was first introduced in 2010 but had not previously been enforced; the military government also said that it intended to call up about 60,000 men and women annually for mandatory service; during the ongoing insurgency, the military has recruited men 18-60 to serve in local militias.
Source:- The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service:The World Factbook: Myanmar - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
