National Identity
- Official name
- Kingdom of Thailand
- Official name (in Thai)
- ราชอาณาจักรไทย
- Official name (in Thai, Romanized)
- Ratcha Anachak Thai
- Name etymology
the name means "Land of the Thai," referring to the local population; the people's name comes from the Thai word tha, meaning "to be free;" the former name of Siam comes from the Sanskrit word syama, meaning "dark"
Sources:- Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand ↗ - CDC - Constitution Drafting Commission
- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- National emblem
- National flag
Translated from the Parliament Museum of Thailand The national flag is rectangular in shape, 6 parts wide and 9 parts long. The width is divided into 5 stripes running the full length of the flag. In the middle is a dark blue stripe, 2 parts wide. Extending outward from the dark blue stripe on both sides are white stripes, each 1 part wide. Extending outward from the white stripes on both sides are red stripes, each 1 part wide.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Parliament Museum of Thailand The Thai national flag, or the Trairong flag, is the symbol of Thailand, expressing the identity and dignity of being Thai, and signifies independence and the institutions of Nation, Religion and King.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Parliament Museum of Thailand Red signifies the blood willingly sacrificed to preserve the nation and religion.
White signifies the purity of religion.
Blue signifies the personal colour of the King.Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Parliament Museum of Thailand Going back to the Ayutthaya period, a red flag was used as the national flag. Later, in the Rattanakosin period, King Phutthayotfa Chulalok the Great considered that royal ships and commoners' ships used the same red flag, and that there should be a significant mark to distinguish them. He had a white chakra, the emblem of the Chakri Dynasty, added to the red flag for use on royal ships. This was the first time separate flags were used for royal ships and commoners' ships.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Parliament Museum of Thailand In the reign of King Phutthaloetla Naphalai, a white elephant was added within the white chakra for use on royal ships, because Thailand had obtained 3 white elephants, while commoners' ships used the red flag as before.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Parliament Museum of Thailand Later, King Mongkut considered that the red flag used by commoners' ships was the same as those of other countries, making it difficult to distinguish. He graciously commanded that commoners' ships use a red flag with an elephant in white in the centre, while royal ships use a deep blue flag with an elephant in white in the centre [...] In B.E. 2453, the Flag Act, Rattanakosin Era 129, was enacted, which prescribed the national flag as a white elephant on a red field.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Parliament Museum of Thailand In B.E. 2459, King Vajiravudh considered that when the national flag then in use was viewed from a distance, it looked no different from the government flag, and the elephant in the centre of the flag was not sufficiently stately. He graciously commanded that a proclamation be issued supplementing and amending the Flag Act, Rattanakosin Era 129, so that the national flag would be a red field bearing a caparisoned white elephant standing on a pedestal, facing towards the flagpole, to be used as the government flag. Later, the use of the national flag with the caparisoned white elephant standing on a pedestal was abolished, and he graciously commanded that a national flag of five stripes of red alternating with white be used, and in the Flag Act, Buddhist Era 2460, because Thailand had joined World War I with the Allied countries, most of whose national flags have 3 colours, stripes of red, white and dark blue were adopted, called the Trairong flag. In this change to the Trairong flag, King Vajiravudh designed the Trairong flag.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSource:- parliamentmuseum.go.th ↗ - the Parliament Museum of Thailand
- National anthem
- Phleng Chat Thai (เพลงชาติไทย)0:44
- Title (in Thai)
- เพลงชาติไทย
- Title (in Thai, Romanized)
- Phleng Chat Thai
- Title (in English, translated)
- National Anthem of Thailand
- Lyrics
ประเทศไทยรวมเลือดเนื้อชาติเชื้อไทย เป็นประชารัฐไผทของไทยทุกส่วน อยู่ดำรงคงไว้ได้ทั้งมวล ด้วยไทยล้วนหมายรักสามัคคี ไทยนี้รักสงบแต่ถึงรบไม่ขลาด เอกราชจะไม่ให้ใครข่มขี่ สละเลือดทุกหยาดเป็นชาติพลี เถลิงประเทศชาติไทยทวีมีชัยชโย
Source: - Citizens
- Thai
- Official name:Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand ↗ - CDC - Constitution Drafting Commission
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- National flag:parliamentmuseum.go.th ↗ - the Parliament Museum of Thailand
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma
- Total area
- 513,120 km²
- Land area
- 510,890 km²
- Water area
- 2,230 km²
- Land borders
- 5,673 km(4 countries)
- Coastline
- 3,219 km
- Terrain
Central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere - Mean elevation
- 287 m
- Highest point
- 2,565 mDoi Inthanon
- Lowest point
- 0 mGulf of Thailand
- Climate
Tropical rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid - Avg. temperature
- 26.4 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 22.5 to 31.4 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 1,659 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 29.9 23.6 18.3 24 February 32 25.4 19.6 20 March 33.7 27.5 22.2 53 April 34.5 28.8 24.2 94 May 33 28.2 24.9 199 June 31.9 27.7 24.9 207 July 31.1 27.2 24.5 243 August 30.7 26.9 24.3 274 September 30.7 26.7 24 273 October 30.5 26.2 23 171 November 30.1 25.1 21 67 December 29 23.4 18.6 35 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable31.0%Perm. crops11.2%Pasture1.6%Forest39.0%Other17.2%
- Arable land
- 15,835,200 hectares (31.0%)
- Permanent crops
- 5,740,800 hectares (11.2%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 800,000 hectares (1.6%)
- Forest
- 19,923,512 hectares (39.0%)
- Other land
- 8,789,488 hectares (17.2%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Thalesap Songkhla1,290 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- River floods9.8Very high#4/191Tsunamis5.8High#43/191Epidemics5.8High#67/191Coastal floods5.6High#48/191Drought5.4High#39/191Earthquakes1.7Very low#117/191Tropical cyclones1.6Very low#52/191
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- −0.08% per year−60,249 people/yearWorld Rank182ndof 237
- Birth rate
- 7.9 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 9.3 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- +0.4 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 41.0 yearsWorld Rank55thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years14.1%15-64 years69.2%65 years +16.7%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 16.7%
- Share aged under 18
- 17.5%
- Total dependency ratio
- 44
- Youth dependency ratio
- 20
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 24
- Sex ratio
- 0.95 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 1.4% 2.2% 70-79 3.2% 4.2% 60-69 5.8% 6.8% 50-59 7.0% 7.8% 40-49 7.1% 7.4% 30-39 7.0% 7.0% 20-29 6.8% 6.5% 10-19 5.8% 5.5% 0-9 4.5% 4.2% - 2026
- 0.91 below the replacement level for Thailand ()1.19 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank221stof 237
- 0.57 daughters per woman0.43 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- −1.3 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 1.3 more deaths than births a year
- 2026
- +0.4 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 63.7% live in cities45,600,307 urban residents
- Largest cities2019
- Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pak Kret, Hat YaiRankCity, Town or CommunePopulation (2019 estimate)1Bangkok5,666,2642Nonthaburi254,3753Pak Kret190,2724Hat Yai156,8025Chaophraya Surasak143,0246Surat Thani132,0407Udon Thani130,5318Chiang Mai127,2409Nakhon Ratchasima126,39110Bang Pu120,127Source:
- Department of Provincial Administration, Thailand (2019 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters throughout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country.
- Ethnic groups2015
- Figures count nationality, not ethnicity.Thai97.5%Burmese1.3%Other1.1%Unspecified<0.1%
- Religions2021
- Buddhist92.5%Muslim5.4%Christian1.2%Other0.9%
Other includes animist, Confucian, Hindu, Jewish, Sikh, and Taoist.
Source:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Languages
- Thai (ไทย)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Department of Provincial Administration, Thailand (2019 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- Constitutional monarchyThe King is Head of State, with succession governed by the 1924 Palace Law on Succession; the Constitution calls Thailand "one and indivisible Kingdom" (ss. 1, 2, 20).
- System of government
- ParliamentaryThe King appoints as Prime Minister the person approved by more than half of the House of Representatives, for at most eight years; the House can censure single Ministers or the whole Council, and dissolution is by Royal Decree (ss. 103, 151, 158, 159).
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government
- King (in Thai)
- Parliament
- Capital
- Bangkok5.7 million people(2024)
- National holidays
- 23 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- FriJan 2Bridge Public Holiday
- SatJan 10National Children's Day
- TueMar 3Makha Bucha
- MonApr 6Chakri Memorial Day
- MonApr 13Songkran Festival
- TueApr 14Songkran Festival
- WedApr 15Songkran Festival
- FriMay 1National Labor Day
- MonMay 4Coronation Day
- SunMay 31Visakha Bucha
- MonJun 1Visakha Bucha (in lieu)
- WedJun 3HM Queen Suthida's Birthday
- TueJul 28HM King Maha Vajiralongkorn's Birthday
- WedJul 29Asarnha Bucha
- ThuJul 30Buddhist Lent Day
- WedAug 12HM Queen Sirikit The Queen Mother's BirthdayNational Mother's Day
- TueOct 13HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej Memorial Day
- FriOct 23HM King Chulalongkorn Memorial Day
- SatDec 5HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej the Great's BirthdayNational DayNational Father's Day
- MonDec 7HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej the Great's Birthday (in lieu)National Day (in lieu)National Father's Day (in lieu)
- ThuDec 10Constitution Day
- ThuDec 31New Year's Eve
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- ICTIndochina TimeUTC+7
- Currency
- Thai Baht (THB)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +66
- Internet TLD
- .th
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- TH, THA
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 51,920,692 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 5
- Aircraft departures
- 335,160 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 1,649.9 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- HS
Sources:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Thai Airways InternationalPartly state-owned
- Passenger rail
- State Railway of Thailand
- 2025
- 33 / 100World Rank116thof 182
Significant declinerDown 5 points since 2015, when it scored 38.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 37 34 40 2013 35 33 37 2014 38 35 41 2015 38 35 41 2016 35 31 39 2017 37 34 40 2018 36 33 39 2019 36 32 40 2020 36 33.9 38.1 2021 35 33.6 36.4 2022 36 34.2 37.8 2023 35 33.6 36.4 2024 34 32.9 35.1 2025 33 31.4 34.6 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย พุทธศักราช ๒๕๖๐ (Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2560), Royal Gazette vol. 134, part 40 Kor, 6 April 2017 ↗ - Secretariat of the House of Representatives of Thailand
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +2.1% per yearWorld Rank127thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $8,372 (105th in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services60.2% of GDPIndustry31.1% of GDPAgriculture8.7% of GDPManufacturing23.7%part of industry
- Households
- +58.5%
- Government
- +16.7%
- Investment
- +22.1%
- Exports
- +71.1%
- Imports
- −67.3%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 2.1%up 2.3 percentage points2.3pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 41 million (57% of population)World Rank16thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 67.1% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 0.8%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 4.7% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $17.5 per hour worked at PPP
- Labor cost2024
- THB 89.20 per hour$2.53 (USD), $8.18 (PPP)
- Budget balance2026
- 3.3% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 1.2% of GDP, $6.9 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt57.2% of GDPInterest on debt1.2% of GDPCentral government debt56.6% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$335.1 billion81.5%
- Services$76.2 billion18.5%
- Total exports
- $411.2 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 11.4 percent on the previous year11.4%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- 2024
- +0.79World Rank34thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +3.9% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Natural rubber in primary forms, Cassava (fresh), Oil palm fruit, and 3 more
- 1Natural rubber in primary forms18.9×
- 2Cassava (fresh)4.9×
- 3Oil palm fruit2.6×
- 4Sugar cane2.5×
- 5Rice2.4×
- 6Maize (corn)0.2×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 235 tonnesWorth $32.9 billion, 12% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts, agricultural machinery, air conditioning and refrigeration, ceramics, aluminum, chemical, environmental management, glass, granite and marble, leather, machinery and metal work, petrochemical, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, printing, pulp and paper, rubber, sugar, rice, fishing, cassava, world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity, Labor cost:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- THB 16,699 per month$508 (USD), $1,574 (PPP)
- Median
- THB 13,000 per month($395)
- Men
- THB 16,610 per month($505)
- Women
- THB 16,795 per month($511)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- THB 8,963 per month, gross$254 (USD), $822 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.798HighWorld Rank76thof 193ThailandWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Thailand World 1990 0.584 0.608 1991 0.593 0.611 1992 0.603 0.614 1993 0.612 0.617 1994 0.620 0.620 1995 0.628 0.625 1996 0.634 0.631 1997 0.639 0.636 1998 0.642 0.641 1999 0.650 0.646 2000 0.657 0.651 2001 0.667 0.657 2002 0.678 0.662 2003 0.690 0.669 2004 0.699 0.675 2005 0.707 0.681 2006 0.710 0.688 2007 0.721 0.694 2008 0.723 0.698 2009 0.725 0.701 2010 0.742 0.707 2011 0.747 0.713 2012 0.750 0.717 2013 0.752 0.721 2014 0.784 0.726 2015 0.788 0.731 2016 0.792 0.735 2017 0.794 0.739 2018 0.796 0.741 2019 0.800 0.745 2020 0.798 0.742 2021 0.800 0.742 2022 0.792 0.752 2023 0.798 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2024
- 33.3
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 9 years
- Expected for a child today
- 15.4 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2022
- 91.1% of adults
- Education expenditure2023
- 2.5% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 14.2%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 90.9% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 92.6%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 115.1 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 3,903,000
- Fixed broadband
- 14.9 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 8% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 57%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 92%
- Mobile-money account
- 42%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 83%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 84,489 people
- Asylum seekers
- 2,738
- Stateless persons
- 612,011
- Internally displaced persons
- 273,000All due to conflicts
- Refugees from Thailand abroad
- 311
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2021latest available
- 511,000 arrivalsdown 99% against 201999% below 2019Official tourism site
- Per resident
- 0.7 arrivals per 100 residents
- $46.6 billion(2024)
- Share of GDP
- 2.8% tourism direct GDP(2022)
- Domestic trips
- 74.3 million overnight trips by residents(2020, latest available)
- Residents' trips abroad
- 33,000 overnight trips
- $17.3 billion(2024)
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2021A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 8 sites5 cultural3 natural
Site Type Historic City of Ayutthaya Cultural Historic Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns Cultural Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries Natural Ban Chiang Archaeological Site Cultural Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex Natural Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex Natural The Ancient Town of Si Thep and its Associated Dvaravati Monuments Natural Phu Phrabat, a testimony to the Sīma stone tradition of the Dvaravati period Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Medium4.4 out of 10International displacementSeverity by monthSep 2024 to Aug 2026What the score is made ofImpact of the crisis3.1Conditions of people affected4.9Complexity of the crisis4.3
Data reliability as rated by INFORM: Very high. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2011
- 4.8 per 100,000 peopleMedium by global standards
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 4.8 3,307 2011 Serious assault 28.0 20,064 2023 Sexual violence 7.5 5,370 2023 Kidnapping 0.0 22 2023 Burglary 4.4 3,088 2016 Theft 42.9 30,803 2022 Vehicle theft 2.0 1,461 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 408.4 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 292,812
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 77.1 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 4.5% of GDP$327 per person
- Physicians2021
- 0.54 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2023
- 2.4 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 7.6 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 34 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 7.6 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2020
- 19% of adults
- Men
- 36.5%
- Women
- 1.5%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 3.0% of household spendingWorld Rank55thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 32.2 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 283.8 Mt per yearup 3.2 percent on the previous year3.2% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 4.1 t per personWorld Rank77thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.72%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 81.1 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 18.3 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 39.2 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 422.4 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 22.1 µg/m³ of PM2.51.7 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted50thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 15 µg/m³
- Life expectancy gain if the national standard were met
- 0.7 years
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- air pollution from vehicle emissions
- water pollution from organic and factory wastes
- water scarcity
- deforestation
- soil erosion
- illegal hunting
- hazardous waste disposal
Source:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- International agreements
- 17 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 74 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1995 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1989 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1989 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 2004 CITES in force 1983 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) not a party Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2006 Nagoya Protocol signed 2012, not ratified Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1998 World Heritage Convention in force 1987 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 2001 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1998 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2005 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 2011 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) signed 2025, not ratified MARPOL 73/78 in force 2008 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 2.2% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 439 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 6,114 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 49% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 57 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 90%
- Water stress
- 23% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 5.8% of the population4.1 million people
- Obesity2024
- 16.4% of adults
- Men
- 12.9%
- Women
- 19.6%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2022
- 6.7% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 80.2 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.90%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 37% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Net importer, net 32 TWh in 2024, 15% of consumption206 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 206 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 223 TWh per year
- Imports
- 36 TWh per year
- Exports
- 3.6 TWh per year
- Net
- −32 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 29% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves2025239.9 million barrelsWorld Rank55thof 99
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Mineral resources2025
- Rare earths
Mineral Mine production Reserves Rare earthsas rare-earth oxide 4,800 t1.2% of world Not available USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 1.1% of GDP$5.5 billion, 4.5% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- estimated 350,000active-duty Armed Forces
- Army
- 250,000
- Navy
- 70,000
- Air Force
- 30,000
Source:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Military service2025
- Selective conscriptionmen 21+, typically 24 months, varies by educational qualifications, all men register at 17; voluntary men and women 18+, 6–18 months depending on educational qualifications
Serving in the armed forces is a national duty of all Thai citizens; conscription was introduced in 1905; it includes women, however, only men over the age of 21 who have not gone through reserve training are conscripted; conscripts are chosen by lottery (on draft day, eligible draftees can request volunteer service, or they may choose to stay for the conscription lottery)
Source:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Space program2025
- Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA; created in 2000 from the Thailand Remote Sensing Center that was established in 1979); National Space Policy Committee (NSPC)
Has an ambitious national space program focused on the acquisition, production, and operation of satellites, as well as research and development of related infrastructure, sciences, and technologies; operates communications and remote sensing (RS) satellites; manufactures scientific/research/testing cube satellites and is developing the capabilities to produce RS satellites (has historically built satellites with foreign assistance); works with a range of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, France, India, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; founding member of the China-led Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO); has a commercial space industry, including Southeast Asia’s first dedicated satellite manufacturing facility, which opened in 2021
- Launch sites
- None; in 2023, announced intentions to build a spaceport with South Korean assistance
- 1982
- Established first satellite ground station
- 1993
- First foreign-built commercial communications satellite (Thaicom-1) launched on European rocket
- 2008
- First remote sensing satellite (Theos-1; aka Thaichote) co-developed with France and launched by Russia
- 2018
- First domestically produced scientific/research satellite (KNACKSAT) launched by US
- 2024
- Signed memorandum of understanding with China for cooperation on Beijing's lunar research station project and space exploration; signed US-led Artemis Accords
Key milestones
GISTDA is under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation; the NSPC is an advisory body to the prime minister
Source:- The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Thailand - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
