National Identity
- Official name
- Socialist Republic of VietNam
- Official name (in Vietnamese)
- Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
- Name etymology
the name translates as "Viet south;" Viet is an ethnic term of unknown origin that dates back to ancient times, and nam (south) refers to the country's location
Sources:- Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ↗ - National Database on Legal Normative Documents – Central
- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- National emblem
- National flag
Translated from the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam 1. The national flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is rectangular, its width equal to two thirds of its length, with a red background, and in the middle a five-pointed yellow star.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam The red background of the flag symbolises red blood, the colour of ardour, will, faith, “the revolutionary spirit of sacrifice and struggle of the Vietnamese people”(3), the yellow star symbolises “the light of the revolutionary leadership role” (4), it is also the yellow skin colour, and the five points of the star symbolise the unity of the strata of the people, comprising scholars, farmers, workers, traders and soldiers, in the great family of the ethnic groups of Vietnam.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam The red flag with a five-pointed yellow star is closely bound to the history of the heroic, steadfast and indomitable struggle of the Vietnamese people in the fight to win and preserve national independence. It appeared in the revolutionary movement of 1940 in Cochinchina. In 1941, the programme of the Viet Minh stated: “after driving out the French and Japanese imperialists, a people's government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam will be established, taking the red flag with a five-pointed yellow star as the national flag”(1).
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam on 5 September 1945, the Minister of the Interior, Võ Nguyên Giáp, on behalf of the President of the Provisional Government, signed Decree No. 05-SL abolishing the Ly trigram flag and establishing the national flag of Vietnam.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam The national flag of Vietnam, with a red background and a yellow star, was officially recognised by the National Assembly of Vietnam in the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam adopted on 9 November 1946: “The flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam has a red background, in the middle a five-pointed yellow star”.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam Compared with the national flag of 1945, the national flag with a red background and a yellow star according to the 1956 model has a slight adjustment: “the points of the yellow star are henceforth not made along curved lines as before but along straight lines”.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam On 2 July 1976, the National Assembly of unified Vietnam adopted a Resolution: “The national flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has a red background, in the middle a five-pointed yellow star”.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- luutru.gov.vn ↗ - the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam
- luutru.gov.vn ↗ - the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam
- National anthem
- Tiến quân ca1:02
- Title (in Vietnamese)
- Tiến quân ca
- Title (in English, translated)
- The Marching Song
- Lyrics
1Đoàn quân Việt Nam đi Chung lòng cứu quốc Bước chân dồn vang trên đường gập ghềnh xa Cờ in máu chiến thắng mang hồn nước, Súng ngoài xa chen khúc quân hành ca. Đường vinh quang xây xác quân thù, Thắng gian lao cùng nhau lập chiến khu. Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng, Tiến mau ra sa trường, Tiến lên, cùng tiến lên. Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền.
2Đoàn quân Việt Nam đi Sao vàng phấp phới Dắt giống nòi quê hương qua nơi lầm than Cùng chung sức phấn đấu xây đời mới, Đứng đều lên gông xích ta đập tan. Từ bao lâu ta nuốt căm hờn, Quyết hy sinh đời ta tươi thắm hơn. Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng, Tiến mau ra sa trường, Tiến lên, cùng tiến lên. Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền.
- Citizens
- Vietnamese
- Official name:Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ↗ - National Database on Legal Normative Documents – Central
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- National flag:luutru.gov.vn ↗ - the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam
- National flag:luutru.gov.vn ↗ - the State Records and Archives Management Department of Viet Nam
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
- National anthem:Recording credit
Geography
- Location
- Total area
- 331,210 km²
- Land area
- 310,070 km²
- Water area
- 21,140 km²
- Land borders
- 4,616 km(3 countries)
- Coastline
- 3,444 km(
excludes islands ) - Terrain
Low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest - Mean elevation
- 398 m
- Highest point
- 3,144 mFan Si Pan
- Lowest point
- 0 mSouth China Sea
- Climate
Tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March) - Avg. temperature
- 23.9 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 21 to 27.8 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 2,025 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 23.4 19.5 16.2 55 February 25 20.8 17.2 39 March 27.4 23 19.5 69 April 29.6 25.3 22 110 May 30.6 26.5 23.6 219 June 30.7 26.9 24.3 242 July 30.2 26.6 24.1 272 August 30 26.3 23.9 285 September 29.3 25.6 23 270 October 27.9 24.2 21.5 228 November 26.1 22.4 19.4 144 December 23.7 20.1 17 92 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable21.5%Perm. crops15.7%Pasture2.0%Forest47.0%Other13.7%
- Arable land
- 6,728,480 hectares (21.5%)
- Permanent crops
- 4,920,556 hectares (15.7%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 642,000 hectares (2.0%)
- Forest
- 14,744,936 hectares (47.0%)
- Other land
- 4,306,928 hectares (13.7%)
Source: - Natural hazards2026
- River floods9.9Very high#1/191Coastal floods9.6Very high#2/191Epidemics6.7Very high#33/191Tsunamis5.9High#38/191Tropical cyclones5.9High#27/191Drought4.5Medium#60/191Earthquakes3.5Low#95/191
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +0.57% per year+578,904 people/yearWorld Rank132ndof 237
- Birth rate
- 12.8 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 6.8 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −0.5 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 33.9 yearsWorld Rank114thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years22.4%15-64 years67.7%65 years +9.9%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 9.9%
- Share aged under 18
- 27.0%
- Total dependency ratio
- 48
- Youth dependency ratio
- 33
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 15
- Sex ratio
- 0.96 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.4% 1.1% 70-79 1.7% 2.6% 60-69 4.1% 5.0% 50-59 5.6% 6.0% 40-49 7.3% 7.4% 30-39 8.1% 8.1% 20-29 6.4% 6.3% 10-19 8.2% 7.9% 0-9 7.2% 6.6% - 2026
- 0.34 below the replacement level for Vietnam ()1.86 births per womanreplacement 2.20123World Rank121stof 237
- 0.86 daughters per woman0.14 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +6.0 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 6.0 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −0.5 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 39.2% live in cities40,021,406 urban residents
- Largest cities2019
- Thanh Pho Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi, Da Nang, HaiphongRankCity, Town or Urban CommunePopulation (2019 census)1Thanh Pho Ho Chi Minh7,004,9212Hanoi3,605,3643Da Nang988,5614Haiphong841,5205Bien Hoa830,8296Can Tho812,0887Thuan An588,6168Di An474,6819Hue351,45610Vung Tau341,552Source:
- General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Though it has one of the highest population densities in the world, the population is not evenly dispersed; clustering is heaviest along the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, with the Mekong Delta (in the south) and the Red River Valley (in the north) having the largest concentrations of people.
- Ethnic groups2019
- Kinh (Viet)85.3%Tay1.9%Thai1.9%Muong1.5%Khmer1.4%Mong1.4%Nung1.1%Other5.5%
The Vietnamese Government recognizes 54 ethnic groups.
Source:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Religions2019
- Catholic6.1%Buddhist5.8%Protestant1.0%Other0.8%None86.3%
Most Vietnamese are culturally Buddhist.
Source:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Languages
- Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President is head of State, elected by the National Assembly from among its deputies and responsible to it; the state is styled "the Socialist Republic of Vietnam" (Arts. 1, 86, 87).
- System of government
- One-partyThe Communist Party of Vietnam is "the force leading the State and society"; the National Assembly elects and can remove the Prime Minister, the Government is its executive body, and the Assembly cannot be dissolved (Arts. 4, 70, 94, 98, 71).Source:
- Hiến pháp nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (Quốc hội, 28 November 2013), signed original ↗, Arts. 4, 70, 94, 98, 71
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government (in Vietnamese)
- Parliament
- Capital
- Hanoi3.6 million people(2019)
- National holidays
- 12 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- MonFeb 16Lunar New Year's Eve
- TueFeb 17Lunar New Year
- WedFeb 18Second Day of Lunar New Year
- ThuFeb 19Third Day of Lunar New Year
- FriFeb 20Fourth Day of Lunar New Year
- SunApr 26Hung Kings' Commemoration Day
- MonApr 27Hung Kings' Commemoration Day (observed)
- ThuApr 30Liberation Day/Reunification Day
- FriMay 1International Labor Day
- TueSep 1National Day
- WedSep 2National Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- ICTIndochina TimeUTC+7
- Currency
- Vietnamese Dong (VND)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +84
- Internet TLD
- .vn
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- VN, VNM
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 55,114,832 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 26
- Aircraft departures
- 331,806 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 927.9 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- VN
Sources:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Vietnam AirlinesState-owned
- Passenger rail
- Vietnam Railways
- 2025
- 41 / 100World Rank81stof 182
Significant improverUp 10 points since 2015, when it scored 31.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 31 27 35 2013 31 27 35 2014 31 27 35 2015 31 27 35 2016 33 29 38 2017 35 30 40 2018 33 28 38 2019 37 32.3 41.7 2020 36 33 39 2021 39 37.6 40.4 2022 42 39.5 44.5 2023 41 38.7 43.3 2024 40 37.4 42.6 2025 41 38.2 43.8 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Hiến pháp nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (Quốc hội, 28 November 2013), signed original ↗ - Government Portal of Viet Nam
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +8.4% per yearWorld Rank6thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $5,259 (123rd in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services42.7% of GDPIndustry37.6% of GDPAgriculture11.6% of GDPManufacturing24.5%part of industry
- Households
- +53.2%
- Government
- +9.4%
- Investment
- +30.8%
- Exports
- +98.2%
- Imports
- −92.1%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 4.7%up 1.4 percentage points1.4pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 56.7 million (56% of population)World Rank12thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 73.1% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 1.6%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 6.3% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $12 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 0.8% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 0.3% of GDP, $1.7 billion surplus
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt32.9% of GDPInterest on debt0.9% of GDP
- Trade2024
- Goods$406.5 billion94.2%
- Services$25 billion5.8%
- Total exports
- $431.5 billion
- Change from 2023
- up 15.1 percent on the previous year15.1%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- 2024
- +0.63World Rank45thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +5.5% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Coffee (green), Pomelos and grapefruits, Natural rubber in primary forms, and 7 more
- 1Coffee (green)17×
- 2Pomelos and grapefruits11.8×
- 3Natural rubber in primary forms8.5×
- 4Rice5×
- 5Coconuts (in shell)3.3×
- 6Cassava (fresh)2.9×
- 7Meat of pig with the bone (fresh or chilled)2.9×
- 8Oranges2.7×
- 9Mangoes and guavas and mangosteens2.4×
- 10Bananas1.8×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Industries
- food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building
- mining, coal, steel
- cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mobile phones
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2024
- ₫8,579,562 per month$355 (USD), $1,198 (PPP)
- Median
- ₫8,000,000 per month($331)
- Men
- ₫9,000,346 per month($372)
- Women
- ₫8,052,871 per month($333)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- ₫4,960,000 per month, gross$205 (USD), $693 (PPP)
- Share of the average gross salary
- 58%
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.766HighWorld Rank93rdof 193VietnamWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Vietnam World 1990 0.499 0.608 1991 0.509 0.611 1992 0.521 0.614 1993 0.531 0.617 1994 0.543 0.620 1995 0.556 0.625 1996 0.567 0.631 1997 0.578 0.636 1998 0.588 0.641 1999 0.596 0.646 2000 0.604 0.651 2001 0.612 0.657 2002 0.621 0.662 2003 0.630 0.669 2004 0.638 0.675 2005 0.647 0.681 2006 0.656 0.688 2007 0.664 0.694 2008 0.672 0.698 2009 0.679 0.701 2010 0.686 0.707 2011 0.693 0.713 2012 0.698 0.717 2013 0.704 0.721 2014 0.711 0.726 2015 0.717 0.731 2016 0.723 0.735 2017 0.729 0.739 2018 0.737 0.741 2019 0.744 0.745 2020 0.755 0.742 2021 0.754 0.742 2022 0.764 0.752 2023 0.766 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2022
- 36.1
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 9 years
- Expected for a child today
- 15.5 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2022
- 96.1% of adults
- Education expenditure2022
- 2.9% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 15.4%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 84.2% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 92.5%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 128.9 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 2,644,023
- Fixed broadband
- 23.7 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 6% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 65%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 71%
- Mobile-money account
- 39%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 62%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 19 people
- Stateless persons
- 20,590
- Internally displaced persons
- 15,000All due to disasters
- Refugees from Vietnam abroad
- 19,892
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2015latest available
- 7.6 million arrivalsOfficial tourism site
- Per resident
- 8.1 arrivals per 100 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 389,000 arrivals
- Visitor spending in the country
- $149 million(2021, latest available)
- Share of GDP
- 2% tourism direct GDP(2021, latest available)
- Domestic trips
- 66.7 million overnight trips by residents(2022)
- Residents' spending abroad
- $3.8 billion(2021, latest available)
Overnight arrivals by year2013 to 2015A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 9 sites6 cultural2 natural1 mixed
Site Type Complex of Hué Monuments Cultural Ha Long Bay Natural Hoi An Ancient Town Cultural My Son Sanctuary Cultural Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Natural Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Hanoi Cultural Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Cultural Trang An Landscape Complex Mixed Yen Tu-Vinh Nghiem-Con Son, Kiep Bac Complex of Monuments and Landscapes Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2011
- 1.5 per 100,000 peopleLow by global standards
- Crime rates
- 1 offence category
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 1.5 1,358 2011 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2022
- 134.4 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 133,986
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 75.0 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 4.6% of GDP$197 per person
- Physicians2021
- 1.11 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2017
- 2.5 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 14.0 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 48 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 10.7 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2020
- 22.4% of adults
- Men
- 43.2%
- Women
- 1.5%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 1.9% of household spendingWorld Rank73rdof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 30.6 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 430.8 Mt per yearup 10.3 percent on the previous year10.3% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 4.2 t per personWorld Rank72ndof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 1.1%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 116.5 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 26.1 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 10.9 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 584.3 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 24.6 µg/m³ of PM2.51.9 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted40thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 25 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- deforestation and soil degradation from logging and slash-and-burn agriculture
- water pollution
- overfishing
- groundwater contamination limits potable water supply
- air pollution
Source:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- International agreements
- 19 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 69 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1995 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1994 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1994 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1995 CITES in force 1994 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) not a party Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1989 World Heritage Convention in force 1988 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1998 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1995 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2007 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1994 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 1991 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 2.4% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 884 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 8,870 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 59% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 82 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 95%
- Water stress
- 18% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 5.2% of the population5.1 million people
- Obesity2024
- 2.4% of adults
- Men
- 2.3%
- Women
- 2.4%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2023
- 9.7% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 43.2 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.68%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 56% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- 316 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 316 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 301 TWh per year
- Imports
- 4.3 TWh per year
- Exports
- 0.7 TWh per year
- Net
- −3.6 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 36% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves20254.4 billion barrelsWorld Rank25thof 99
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Mineral resources2025
- Rare earths
Mineral Mine production Reserves Rare earthsas rare-earth oxide 150 t0.04% of world 3.5 million t USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2018latest available
- 1.8% of GDP$5.5 billion, 8.8% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 450,000active-duty People's Army of Vietnam
- Military service2025
- Conscriptionmen and women 18–27, in practice only men are drafted, 24–36 months depending on the branch of service, including Coast Guard and Ministry of Public Security; voluntary 18–27
- Space program2025
- Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC; established 2011)
Has a growing national space program focused on acquiring, operating, and exploiting satellites, as well as expanding domestic capabilities in satellites and associated sub-system production, space sciences, and technology applications; builds and operates communications and remote sensing satellites; conducting research and development on space science and applied space technologies, such as advanced optics and space data exploitation; has worked closely with Japan on its space program; has also established relationships with the space agencies or commercial space sectors of some European countries (such as France), India, and the US
- 1980
- First Vietnamese astronaut/cosmonaut into space on Soviet spacecraft
- 2008
- First telecommunications satellite (VINASAT-1) built by US company and launched on European rocket
- 2012
- First educational/scientific cube satellite (F-1) built jointly with and launched by Japan; second telecommunications satellite (VINASAT-2) built by US and launched on European rocket
- 2013
- First domestically built remote-sensing (RS)/technology-demonstrator cube satellite (PicoDragon) launched by Japan; first RS satellite (VNREDSat-1a or Vietnam Natural Resources, Environment, and Disaster Monitoring Satellite) launched on European rocket
- 2016
- Signed an agreement with India to establish a satellite tracking and imaging center in Ho Chi Minh City in exchange for access to Indian RS imagery
- 2018
- Completed National Space Center in Hanoi
- 2021
- Announced a developmental roadmap for producing “Made in Vietnam” small satellites as part of a larger effort to increase space sciences and technology through 2030; signed an agreement with Japan to increase cooperation on space defense
Key milestones
the VNSC is under the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
Source:- The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Vietnam - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
