National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Türkiye
- Official name (in Turkish)
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
- Name etymology
the name means "Land of the Turks"
Sources:- Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye ↗ - Grand National Assembly of Türkiye
- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Coat of arms
- No official coat of arms or emblem
- National flag
As published by the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye Its flag, the form of which is prescribed by the relevant law, is composed of a white crescent and star on a red background.
As published in EnglishTranslated from Directorate General of Law and Legislation, General Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye A) The length of the flag is one and a half times its width, [...] F) The opening of the crescent faces the fly,
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Atatürk Research Center of Türkiye The flag of this state, founded under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was the expression of both national and international prestige, the symbol of existence, and a source of honour and pride.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Atatürk Research Center of Türkiye Thus the Turkish Flag Law was adopted in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 29 May 1936 as Law No. 2994. It entered into force upon publication in the Official Gazette No. 3322 on 5 June 1936.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Atatürk Research Center of Türkiye Although the Turkish Flag Law of 29 May 1936 was repealed by the Turkish Flag Law of 24 September 1983, the measurements to be used in making the Turkish Flag have remained the same.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- cdn.tbmm.gov.tr ↗ - the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye
- mevzuat.gov.tr ↗ - Directorate General of Law and Legislation, General Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye
- ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr ↗ - the Atatürk Research Center of Türkiye
- National anthem
- İstiklâl Marşı1:16
- Title (in Turkish)
- İstiklâl Marşı
- Title (in English, translated)
- The March of Independence
- Lyrics
1Korkma! Sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak; Sönmeden yurdumun üstünde tüten en son ocak. O benim milletimin yıldızıdır, parlayacak! O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak!
2Çatma kurban olayım, çehreni ey nazlı hilâl; Kahraman ırkıma bir gül… Ne bu şiddet, bu celâl? Sana olmaz dökülen kanlarımız sonra helâl; Hakkıdır Hakk’a tapan, milletimin istiklâl.
3Ben ezelden beridir hür yaşadım, hür yaşarım. Hangi çılgın bana zincir vuracakmış? Şaşarım! Kükremiş sel gibiyim: Bendimi çiğner, aşarım. Yırtarım dağları, enginlere sığmam, taşarım.
4Garb’ın âfâkını sarmışsa çelik zırhlı duvar; Benim imân dolu göğsüm gibi serhaddim var. Ulusun, korkma! Nasıl böyle bir îmanı boğar, “Medeniyyet!” dediğin tek dişi kalmış canavar?
5Arkadaş! Yurduma alçakları uğratma sakın; Siper et gövdeni, dursun bu hayâsızca akın. Doğacaktır sana va’dettiği günler Hakk’ın, Kim bilir, belki yarın, belki yarından da yakın.
6Bastığın yerleri “toprak!” diyerek geçme, tanı! Düşün altındaki binlerce kefensiz yatanı. Sen şehîd oğlusun, incitme, yazıktır atanı: Verme, dünyaları alsan da, bu cennet vatanı.
7Kim bu cennet vatanın uğruna olmaz ki fedâ? Şühedâ fışkıracak toprağı sıksan, şühedâ! Cânı, cânânı, bütün varımı alsın da Hudâ, Etmesin tek vatanımdan beni dünyâda cüdâ.
8Rûhumun senden ilâhî şudur ancak emeli: Değmesin ma’bedimin göğsüne nâ-mahrem eli! Bu ezanlar – ki sehâdetleri dînin temeli – Ebedî, yurdumun üstünde benim inlemeli.
9O zaman vecd ile bin secde eder – varsa – taşım; Her cerîhamdan, İlâhi, boşanır kanlı yaşım; Fışkırır rûh-i mücerred gibi yerden na’şım! O zaman yükselerek Arş’a değer, belki, başım!
10Dalgalan sen de şafaklar gibi ey şanlı hilâl! Olsun artık dökülen kanlarım hepsi helâl. Ebediyyen sana yok, ırkıma yok izmihlâl: Hakkıdır, hür yaşamış, bayrağımın hürriyet; Hakkıdır, Hakk’a tapan, milletimin istiklâl.
Source: - Citizens
- Turks
- Official name:Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye ↗ - Grand National Assembly of Türkiye
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- National flag:cdn.tbmm.gov.tr ↗ - the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye
- National flag:mevzuat.gov.tr ↗ - Directorate General of Law and Legislation, General Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye
- National flag:ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr ↗ - the Atatürk Research Center of Türkiye
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Total area
- 783,562 km²
- Land area
- 769,632 km²
- Water area
- 13,930 km²
- Land borders
- 2,816 km(8 countries)
- Coastline
- 7,200 km
- Terrain
High central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges - Mean elevation
- 1,132 m
- Highest point
- 5,137 mMount Ararat
- Lowest point
- 0 mMediterranean Sea
- Climate
Temperate hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior - Avg. temperature
- 11.7 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 6.3 to 17.1 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 702 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 4.1 0 −3.8 82 February 5.8 1.4 −2.8 73 March 10.1 5.4 0.6 81 April 15.4 10.2 4.6 77 May 20.7 15.2 9.1 74 June 25.6 19.8 13.4 44 July 29.3 23.2 16.6 22 August 29.6 23.3 16.8 20 September 25.5 19 12.6 30 October 19.5 13.5 8 55 November 12.2 6.8 2.2 64 December 6.2 2 −1.8 82 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable26.3%Perm. crops4.8%Pasture19.0%Forest29.3%Other20.5%
- Arable land
- 20,277,000 hectares (26.3%)
- Permanent crops
- 3,694,000 hectares (4.8%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 14,617,000 hectares (19.0%)
- Forest
- 22,571,600 hectares (29.3%)
- Other land
- 15,803,400 hectares (20.5%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Lake Van3,740 km²Lake Tuz1,640 km²Lake Beysehir650 km²Lake Egridir520 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- Earthquakes9.3Very high#8/191River floods6.0High#72/191Epidemics5.3High#83/191Tsunamis5.0High#58/191Coastal floods4.6Medium#73/191Drought2.5Very low#117/191Tropical cyclones0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +0.27% per year+240,656 people/yearWorld Rank158thof 237
- Birth rate
- 11.9 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 6.4 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −2.5 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 33.9 yearsWorld Rank113thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years20.6%15-64 years68.5%65 years +10.9%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 10.9%
- Share aged under 18
- 25.0%
- Total dependency ratio
- 46
- Youth dependency ratio
- 30
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 16
- Sex ratio
- 0.99 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.7% 1.2% 70-79 2.3% 2.9% 60-69 4.3% 4.6% 50-59 5.8% 5.8% 40-49 7.5% 7.4% 30-39 7.6% 7.3% 20-29 7.5% 7.2% 10-19 7.6% 7.3% 0-9 6.6% 6.3% - 2026
- 0.48 below the replacement level for Turkey ()1.62 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank148thof 237
- 0.78 daughters per woman0.22 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +5.5 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 5.5 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −2.5 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 89.6% live in cities78,821,332 urban residents
- Largest cities2022
- Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, BursaRankCity or TownPopulation (2022 estimate)1Istanbul15,244,9362Ankara5,186,0023İzmir2,948,1604Bursa2,051,4645Adana1,779,4636Gaziantep1,680,7237Konya1,365,2878Antalya1,322,7669Diyarbakır1,087,78610Mersin1,040,507Source:
- State Institute of Statistics, Türkiye (2022 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- The most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast.
- Ethnic groups2016
- Turkish70-75%Kurdish19.0%Other minorities6-11%
- Religions
- Muslim99.8%Other0.2%
Muslims are mostly Sunni.Other is mostly Christians and Jews.
Source:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Languages
- Turkish (Türkçe)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:State Institute of Statistics, Türkiye (2022 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of the Republic is head of the State, elected directly by the public from eligible citizens over forty who have completed higher education (Arts. 1, 101, 104).Sources:
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası (Kanun No. 2709), consolidated text with the 2017 amendments ↗, Arts. 1, 101, 104
- Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye, English text ↗, Arts. 1, 101, 104
- System of government
- PresidentialThe President holds executive power and appoints and dismisses vice-presidents and ministers, who answer to the President; the Assembly has no confidence vote, and early renewal by Assembly or President brings joint parliamentary and presidential elections (Arts. 98, 104, 106, 116).Sources:
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası (Kanun No. 2709), consolidated text with the 2017 amendments ↗, Arts. 98, 104, 106, 116
- Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye, English text ↗, Arts. 98, 104, 106, 116
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government (in Turkish)
- President
- Parliament (in Turkish)
- Capital
- Ankara5.2 million people(2023)
- National holidays
- 14 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- FriMar 20Eid al-Fitr
- SatMar 21Eid al-Fitr
- SunMar 22Eid al-Fitr
- ThuApr 23National Sovereignty and Children's Day
- FriMay 1Labour and Solidarity Day
- TueMay 19Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day
- WedMay 27Eid al-Adha
- ThuMay 28Eid al-Adha
- FriMay 29Eid al-Adha
- SatMay 30Eid al-Adha
- WedJul 15Democracy and National Unity Day
- SunAug 30Victory Day
- ThuOct 29Republic Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- TRTTürkiye Standard TimeUTC+3
- Currency
- Turkish Lira (TRY)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +90
- Internet TLD
- .tr
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- TR, TUR
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 125,940,241 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 240
- Aircraft departures
- 810,474 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 8,367.3 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- TC
Sources:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Turkish AirlinesPartly state-owned
- Passenger rail
- TCDD Taşımacılık (in Turkish)
- 2025
- 31 / 100World Rank124thof 182
Significant declinerDown 19 points since 2013, when it scored 50.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 49 45 52 2013 50 46 54 2014 45 41 49 2015 42 39 45 2016 41 38 44 2017 40 37 43 2018 41 36 46 2019 39 33.5 44.5 2020 40 36.6 43.4 2021 38 34.6 41.4 2022 36 33.5 38.5 2023 34 31.4 36.6 2024 34 31.1 36.9 2025 31 27.7 34.3 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası (Kanun No. 2709), consolidated text with the 2017 amendments ↗ - Grand National Assembly of Türkiye
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye, English text ↗ - Department of Laws and Resolutions, Grand National Assembly of Türkiye
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +2.7% per yearWorld Rank109thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $21,079 (63rd in the world)
Source:- 2024
- Services57.5% of GDPIndustry25.5% of GDPAgriculture5.8% of GDPManufacturing16.8%part of industry
- Households
- +54.7%
- Government
- +13.9%
- Investment
- +31.7%
- Exports
- +24.8%
- Imports
- −25.1%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 31.2%down 3.7 percentage points3.7pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 37.2 million (43% of population)World Rank18thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 54.2% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 8.8%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 16.3% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $40.1 per hour worked at PPP
- Labor cost2020
- TRY 33.80 per hour$4.82 (USD), $13.33 (PPP)
- Budget balance2026
- 3.1% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 2.9% of GDP, $51.9 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt26% of GDPHousehold debt9.6% of GDPCompany debt38.4% of GDPInterest on debt3% of GDPCentral government debt21.3% of GDP
- Trade2024
- Goods$257.5 billion68.7%
- Services$117.2 billion31.3%
- Total exports
- $374.6 billion
- Change from 2023
- up 5.1 percent on the previous year5.1%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- 2024
- +0.71World Rank42ndof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +3.4% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Olives, Sugar beet, Tomatoes, and 7 more
- 1Olives10×
- 2Sugar beet5.4×
- 3Tomatoes5.3×
- 4Chillies and peppers (green)5.2×
- 5Lemons and limes5.1×
- 6Barley3.9×
- 7Grapes3.1×
- 8Apples3.1×
- 9Sunflower seed2.9×
- 10Tangerines and mandarins (including clementines)2.6×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Industries
- textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity, Labor cost:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- TRY 39,487 per month$1,001 (USD), $2,225 (PPP)
- Median
- TRY 30,000 per month($760)
- Men
- TRY 41,313 per month($1,047)
- Women
- TRY 35,997 per month($912)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2025
- TRY 26,006 per month, gross$659 (USD), $1,466 (PPP)
- Share of the average gross salary
- 66%
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.853Very highWorld Rank51stof 193Turkey (Türkiye)World
Human Development Index by year Year Turkey (Türkiye) World 1990 0.598 0.608 1991 0.602 0.611 1992 0.608 0.614 1993 0.615 0.617 1994 0.616 0.620 1995 0.623 0.625 1996 0.630 0.631 1997 0.638 0.636 1998 0.649 0.641 1999 0.652 0.646 2000 0.669 0.651 2001 0.675 0.657 2002 0.685 0.662 2003 0.691 0.669 2004 0.696 0.675 2005 0.701 0.681 2006 0.711 0.688 2007 0.719 0.694 2008 0.721 0.698 2009 0.728 0.701 2010 0.750 0.707 2011 0.764 0.713 2012 0.772 0.717 2013 0.802 0.721 2014 0.813 0.726 2015 0.821 0.731 2016 0.826 0.735 2017 0.833 0.739 2018 0.838 0.741 2019 0.841 0.745 2020 0.838 0.742 2021 0.841 0.742 2022 0.853 0.752 2023 0.853 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2023
- 43.7
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 9 years
- Expected for a child today
- 19.8 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2021
- 97.3% of adults
- Education expenditure2022
- 3.1% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 11.3%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 87.3% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 96.4%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 94.3 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 9,026,297
- Fixed broadband
- 23.4 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 44% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 79%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 82%
- Mobile-money account
- 23%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 71%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 2.7 million people
- Asylum seekers
- 132,383
- Stateless persons
- 420
- Internally displaced persons
- 651,000All due to disasters
- Refugees from Turkey abroad
- 145,194
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2022
- Official tourism site50.5 million arrivalsdown 1% against 20191% below 2019World Rank4thof 139
- Per resident
- 5.8 arrivals per 10 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 935,000 arrivals
- $78.2 billion(2024)
- 4.4% tourism direct GDP
- Domestic trips
- 52.3 million overnight trips by residents
- Residents' trips abroad
- 7.3 million overnight trips
- $8.4 billion(2024)
- Hotel beds
- 1.7 million
- Average hotel stay
- 3.2 nights
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2022A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 22 sites20 cultural2 mixed
Site Type Archaeological Site of Troy Cultural Ephesus Cultural Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape Cultural Hierapolis-Pamukkale Mixed Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia Mixed Göbekli Tepe Cultural Historic Areas of Istanbul Cultural Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex Cultural Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük Cultural Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire Cultural Gordion Cultural Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği Cultural Hattusha: the Hittite Capital Cultural Nemrut Dağ Cultural Xanthos-Letoon Cultural City of Safranbolu Cultural Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape Cultural Archaeological Site of Ani Cultural Aphrodisias Cultural Arslantepe Mound Cultural Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia Cultural Turkmenistan Cultural Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- High7.0 out of 10Earthquake, International displacement
Crisis Since Sep 2024 Severity Country overallAll crises below combined 7.0High Displacement from Syria to TürkiyeInternational displacement 6.8High International Displacement to TürkiyeInternational displacement 5.7Medium Data reliability as rated by INFORM: Very high. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2024
- Low by global standards2.4 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank53rdof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 2.4 2,110 2024 Serious assault 101.8 79,405 2014 Sexual violence 53.4 41,699 2014 Kidnapping 42.2 32,953 2014 Burglary 123.5 107,549 2022 Theft 278.6 242,527 2022 Vehicle theft 37.8 32,529 2020 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 334.5 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 291,911
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 78.4 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 4.3% of GDP$548 per person
- Physicians2022
- 2.24 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2023
- 3.1 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 8.0 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 15 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 2.2 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2022
- 31.1% of adults
- Men
- 42.7%
- Women
- 19.6%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 2.3% of household spendingWorld Rank64thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 6.7 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 460 Mt per yearup 3 percent on the previous year3% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 5.4 t per personWorld Rank53rdof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 1.2%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 78.6 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 32 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 8.92 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 579.5 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 23 µg/m³ of PM2.51.8 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted46thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents
- air pollution, particularly in urban areas
- deforestation
- land degradation
- conservation of biodiversity
Source:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- International agreements
- 17 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 104 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2021 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 2004 Kyoto Protocol in force 2009 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1991 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1991 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1997 CITES in force 1996 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) not a party Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol not a party Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1994 World Heritage Convention in force 1983 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1998 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1994 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2017 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2010 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2023 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea not a party High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 1991 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 0% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 212 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 2,431 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 2% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 65 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 87%
- Water stress
- 48% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 2.9% of the population2 million people
- Obesity2024
- 28.8% of adults
- Men
- 21.9%
- Women
- 35.2%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2018
- 1.5% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 77.3 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 1.1%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 24% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Balanced trade, imports 2.7 TWh and exports 3.7 TWh in 2024333 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 333 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 303 TWh per year
- Imports
- 2.7 TWh per year
- Exports
- 3.7 TWh per year
- Net
- +1 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 12% of what it consumes, 2025Oil reserves2025507 million barrelsWorld Rank48thof 99Imports2020588,202 b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 1.9% of GDP$25 billion
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 495,000active military personnel; approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie
- Military service2025
- Conscriptionmen 20–41, 6–12 months; men and women may volunteer
After completing 1 month of basic training, conscripts have the option to opt out of the last 5 months by paying a fee.
Source:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Space program2025
- Turkish Space Agency (TUA; established 2018)
Has an ambitious national space program with a focus on satellites, satellite components, satellite launch capabilities, software development, ground station technologies, and building up the country’s space industries; manufactures and operates remote sensing and telecommunications satellites; in recent years has initiated a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) program with the goal of independently placing satellites into orbit and a probe on the Moon; works with more than 25 foreign space agencies and corporations, including those of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US, as well as the ESA; has state-owned rocket and satellite development companies, including some under the Ministry of Defense; has a growing private space-industry sector, and the Turkish Government has pledged to increase the country's share of the global space market
- Launch sites
- Rocket test launch site on the Black Sea in Sinop Province; constructing a rocket launch facility in Somalia
- 1994
- First commercial communications satellite built jointly with and launched by France
- 2003
- First domestically built experimental remote sensing (RS) satellite (BILSAT) launched by Russia
- 2018
- Launched first domestically produced solid-fuel sounding rocket to an altitude of 135 km (84 mi)
- 2024
- First Turkish astronaut in space on the International Space Station; first domestically produced communications satellite launched by US
- 2025
- Successfully launched 2-stage hybrid rocket more than 200 km (124 mi) in altitude
Key milestones
Source:- The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye) - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
