National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Madagascar
- Official name (in Malagasy)
- Repoblikan'i Madagasikara
- Official name (in French)
- République de Madagascar
- Name etymology
a variant of the name was first used by 13th-century Venetian explorer Marco POLO when he confused the island with the Somali port of Mogadishu; the transliteration was later adopted as the official name
Sources:- Constitution of the Fourth Republic ↗ - National Assembly
- The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- National seal
- National flag
Translated from DIRCNLEGIS of Madagascar Its national emblem is the white, red, green tricolour flag, composed of three rectangular bands of equal dimensions, the first vertical, of white colour, on the side of the hoist, the other two horizontal, the upper red and the lower green.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSource:- cnlegis.gov.mg ↗ - DIRCNLEGIS of Madagascar
- National anthem
- Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô1:02
- Title (in Malagasy)
- Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô
- Title (in English, translated)
- Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland
- Lyrics
1Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô Ry Madagasikara soa. Ny fitiavanay anaotsy miala, Fa ho anao ho anao doria tokoa.
ChorusTahionao ry Zanahary ‘Ty No sindrazanay ity Hiadana sy ho finaritra He sambatra tokoa izahay.
2Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô Irinay mba hanompoan’anao Ny tena sy fo fanahy anananay ‘zay sarobidy Sy mendrika tokoa.
Tahionao ry Zanahary3Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô Irinay mba hitahian’ anao, Ka Ilay Nahary ‘zao ton tolo izao no Fototra ijoroan, ny satanao.
Tahionao ry ZanaharySource: - Citizens
- Malagasy
- Official name:Constitution of the Fourth Republic ↗ - National Assembly
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- National flag:cnlegis.gov.mg ↗ - DIRCNLEGIS of Madagascar
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique
- Total area
- 587,041 km²
- Land area
- 581,540 km²
- Water area
- 5,501 km²
- Land borders
- None
- Coastline
- 4,828 km
- Terrain
Narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center - Mean elevation
- 615 m
- Highest point
- 2,876 mMaromokotro
- Lowest point
- 0 mIndian Ocean
- Climate
Tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south - Avg. temperature
- 22.6 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 18.3 to 27.9 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 1,421 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 29 24.5 21.2 347 February 29 24.5 21.2 288 March 29.1 24.4 20.8 198 April 28.6 23.6 19.5 74 May 27 21.8 17.3 39 June 25.3 19.8 15.2 26 July 24.7 19.1 14.4 29 August 25.8 20 15 24 September 27.7 21.6 16.3 22 October 29.2 23.3 18.3 50 November 29.9 24.4 19.9 103 December 29.7 24.7 20.9 223 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable5.2%Perm. crops1.0%Pasture64.1%Forest17.5%Other12.2%
- Arable land
- 3,000,000 hectares (5.2%)
- Permanent crops
- 600,000 hectares (1.0%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 37,295,000 hectares (64.1%)
- Forest
- 10,170,636 hectares (17.5%)
- Other land
- 7,114,364 hectares (12.2%)
Source: - Natural hazards2026
- Epidemics6.9Very high#26/191Tropical cyclones6.7Very high#23/191Tsunamis6.4High#31/191Coastal floods6.3High#34/191River floods6.1High#67/191Drought4.6Medium#57/191Earthquakes0.1Very low#127/191
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +2.39% per year+781,374 people/yearWorld Rank25thof 237
- Birth rate
- 30.8 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 7.4 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −0.1 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 19.4 yearsWorld Rank206thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years38.6%15-64 years57.8%65 years +3.5%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 3.5%
- Share aged under 18
- 45.2%
- Total dependency ratio
- 73
- Youth dependency ratio
- 67
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 6
- Sex ratio
- 1.01 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.2% 0.2% 70-79 0.8% 0.9% 60-69 1.7% 1.8% 50-59 2.9% 3.0% 40-49 4.4% 4.4% 30-39 6.4% 6.3% 20-29 9.0% 8.9% 10-19 11.2% 10.9% 0-9 13.8% 13.4% - 2026
- 1.48 above the replacement level for Madagascar ()3.78 births per womanreplacement 2.301234World Rank27thof 237
- 1.66 daughters per woman0.66 above replacement, long-run each generation larger than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.52
- 2026
- +23.5 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 23.5 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −0.1 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 33.4% live in 11,190,629 urban residents
- Largest cities2018latest available
- Antananarivo, Toamasina, Antsirabe, MahajangaRankCity or Urban CommunePopulation (2018 census)1Antananarivo1,274,2252Toamasina325,8573Antsirabe246,3544Mahajanga246,0225Fianarantsoa191,7766Toliara168,7567Antsiranana129,3208Sambava84,0399Imerintsiatosika69,95310Antalaha67,888Source:
- National Institute of Statistics, Madagascar (2018 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline.
- Ethnic groups
- Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers, French, Indian, Creole, Comoran
Cotiers are of mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian and Arab ancestry: Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava.
Source:- The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- Religions2021
- Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar/Malagasy Lutheran Church/Anglican Church34.0%Roman Catholic32.3%Other Christian8.1%Traditional/animist1.7%Muslim1.4%Other0.6%None21.9%
- Languages
- Malagasy, French (Français)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:National Institute of Statistics, Madagascar (2018 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of the Republic is Head of State, elected by direct universal suffrage for five years, renewable once; the state bears the name « République de Madagascar » (Republic of Madagascar) (Arts. 1, 45).Source:
- System of government
- Semi-presidentialThe President appoints the Prime Minister presented by the Assembly majority; the Assembly can censure the Government by two thirds, and the President may dissolve it (Arts. 54, 60, 103). Since 14 October 2025 a military authority exercises the head of state's functions.
- System in practice
- Military rule
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Transitional arrangement
- Yes
- Official websites
- Government (in French)
- President (in French)
- Parliament (in French)
- Capital
- Antananarivo1.3 million people(2018)
- National holidays
- 16 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- SunMar 8Women's Day
- SunMar 29Martyrs' Day
- SunApr 5Easter Sunday
- MonApr 6Easter Monday
- FriMay 1Labor Day
- ThuMay 14Ascension Day
- SunMay 24Pentecost
- MonMay 25Pentecost Monday
- SunMay 31Mother's Day
- SunJun 21Father's Day
- FriJun 26Independence Day
- SatAug 15Assumption Day
- SunNov 1All Saints' Day
- FriDec 11Republic Day
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- EATEast Africa TimeUTC+3
- Currency
- Malagasy Ariary (MGA)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +261
- Internet TLD
- .mg
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- MG, MDG
- Infrastructure
- Railways836 km
- Passengers carried
- 313,313 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Aircraft departures
- 5,367 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 2.5 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- 5R
Sources:- The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Madagascar AirlinesState-owned
- 2025
- 25 / 100World Rank148thof 182
Significant declinerDown 7 points since 2012, when it scored 32.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 32 26 37 2013 28 25 31 2014 28 22 34 2015 28 23 33 2016 26 21 30 2017 24 20 28 2018 25 21 29 2019 24 19.9 28.1 2020 25 22.5 27.5 2021 26 23.2 28.8 2022 26 23.3 28.7 2023 25 22.5 27.5 2024 26 23.7 28.3 2025 25 22.6 27.4 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, System in practice, Territorial organisation, Transitional arrangement:Constitution de la Quatrième République (Madagascar) ↗ - High Constitutional Court of Madagascar
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Low income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +3.8% per yearWorld Rank68thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $649 (190th in the world)
Source:- 2024
- Services49.3% of GDPIndustry22.9% of GDPAgriculture21.9% of GDPManufacturing13.1%part of industry
- Households
- +72.8%
- Government
- +14.6%
- Investment
- +24.1%
- Exports
- +21.3%
- Imports
- −32.9%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 8.4%up 0.4 percentage points0.4pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 16.6 million (52% of population)World Rank39thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 85.5% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 3.1%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 5.5% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $1.8 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 4.5% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 8.7% of GDP, $1.8 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Central government debt50.4% of GDPInterest on debt0.6% of GDP
- Trade2024
- Goods$2.6 billion62.7%
- Services$1.5 billion37.3%
- Total exports
- $4.1 billion
- Change from 2023
- down 5.5 percent on the previous year5.5%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- 2024
- −1.08World Rank119thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +2.4% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Sweet potatoes, Taro, Cassava (fresh), and 7 more
- 1Sweet potatoes10.4×
- 2Taro9.4×
- 3Cassava (fresh)5.5×
- 4Rice4.4×
- 5Mangoes and guavas and mangosteens3.6×
- 6Bananas2.1×
- 7Sugar cane1.2×
- 8Potatoes0.5×
- 9Raw milk of cattle0.4×
- 10Maize (corn)0.2×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Industries
- meat processing, seafood, soap, beer, leather, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism, mining
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2015latest available
- MGA 209,429 per month$71 (USD), $248 (PPP)
- Median
- MGA 136,245 per month($46)
- Men
- MGA 219,209 per month($75)
- Women
- MGA 192,285 per month($66)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- MGA 262,880 per month, gross$58 (USD), $210 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.487LowWorld Rank183rdof 193MadagascarWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Madagascar World 1999 0.436 0.646 2000 0.443 0.651 2001 0.451 0.657 2002 0.448 0.662 2003 0.458 0.669 2004 0.465 0.675 2005 0.470 0.681 2006 0.474 0.688 2007 0.482 0.694 2008 0.490 0.698 2009 0.493 0.701 2010 0.493 0.707 2011 0.494 0.713 2012 0.496 0.717 2013 0.497 0.721 2014 0.500 0.726 2015 0.501 0.731 2016 0.501 0.735 2017 0.505 0.739 2018 0.501 0.741 2019 0.495 0.745 2020 0.483 0.742 2021 0.481 0.742 2022 0.483 0.752 2023 0.487 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2021
- 36.8
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 4.6 years
- Expected for a child today
- 9.1 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2021
- 74.7% of adults
- Education expenditure2019
- 3% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 18%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2023
- 18.2% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 27.8%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2023
- 23.5 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 3,413
- Fixed broadband
- 0.1 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 1% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 2%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 24%
- Mobile-money account
- 19%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 22%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 82 people
- Asylum seekers
- 1,239
- Internally displaced persons
- 70,000All due to disasters
- Refugees from Madagascar abroad
- 599
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2021latest available
- 7,800 arrivalsdown 98% against 201998% below 2019Official tourism site
- Per resident
- 0 arrivals per 100 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 18,800 arrivals(2020, latest available)
- $405.4 million(2022)
- Domestic trips
- 3,000 overnight trips by residents(2020, latest available)
- $296.4 million(2022)
- Hotel beds
- 56,206(2020, latest available)
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2021A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 3 sites1 cultural2 natural
Site Type Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve Natural Ambohimanga Royal Hill Cultural Atsinanana Rainforests Natural Source:- The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- High6.2 out of 10Cyclone, Drought and drier conditions
Crisis Since Sep 2024 Severity Country overallAll crises below combined 6.2High Drought in Southern MadagascarDrought and drier conditions 6.0Medium Data reliability as rated by INFORM: High. Last updated Jun 30, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Crime rates
- 6 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Serious assault 8.6 2,189 2015 Sexual violence 4.4 1,115 2015 Kidnapping 0.0 11 2015 Burglary 4.2 1,069 2015 Theft 0.9 222 2015 Vehicle theft 0.1 20 2015 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 97.9 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 30,530
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 64.3 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 3.4% of GDP$17 per person
- Physicians2022
- 0.17 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2014
- 0.3 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 42.6 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 445 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 0.9 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2020
- 28.2% of adults
- Men
- 44%
- Women
- 12.3%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 29.2 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 4.68 Mt per yearup 1.9 percent on the previous year1.9% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 0.2 t per personWorld Rank200thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.01%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 25.4 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 4.72 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 1 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 35.8 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 9.1 µg/m³ of PM2.50.4 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted142ndof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- erosion and soil degradation from deforestation and overgrazing
- desertification
- agricultural fires
- water pollution from raw sewage and other organic wastes
- wildlife preservation
Source:- The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- International agreements
- 20 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 77 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1999 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1997 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1997 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1996 CITES in force 1975 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 2007 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1999 World Heritage Convention in force 1983 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1997 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1999 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2006 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 2001 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 2005 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 48.5% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 337 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 11,072 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 0% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 14 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 96%
- Water stress
- 11% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 38.9% of the population11.2 million people
- Obesity2024
- 4.5% of adults
- Men
- 4.7%
- Women
- 4.4%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2021
- 22.6% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 1.85 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.01%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 6.5% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- No electricity trade2.4 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 2.4 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 2.3 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Production endedlast produced in 2005Consumption202419,465 b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Mineral resources2025
- Rare earths
Mineral Mine production Reserves Rare earthsas rare-earth oxide 2,700 t0.69% of world Not available USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.7% of GDP$121.6 million, 4.2% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- estimated 13,000Armed Forces; estimated 10,000 Gendarmerie
- Military service2025
- Voluntaryconscription available in times of national emergency or war; men and women 18+; 18-month service obligation
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service:The World Factbook: Madagascar - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
