National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Finland
- Official name (in Finnish)
- Suomen tasavalta
- Official name (in Swedish)
- Republiken Finland
- Name etymology
name derives from the Finns, an ethnic group in northeastern Europe; their name comes from the Germanic word finna, meaning "fish scale;" the local name, Suomi, may come from two local words: suo, meaning "marsh," and maa, meaning "land"
Sources:- The Constitution of Finland - 11 June 1999 (731/1999, amendments up to 817/2018 included) ↗ - Ministry of Justice - Finland [Finlex Data Bank]
- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
As published by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland The flag features a blue cross on a white background.
As published in EnglishAs published by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Zacharias Topelius had described its symbolic colours as “the blue of our lakes and the white snow of our winters” in a poem first published in 1863.
As published in EnglishAs published by the Office of the President of the Republic of Finland The flag of Finland was introduced in the mid-19th century with the intention of making Finnish vessels more distinct from Russian ones. Finnish merchant ships had come under attack from Russia’s enemies and it was thought that future incidents of this kind could be avoided by sailing under a separate ensign.
As published in EnglishAs published by the Office of the President of the Republic of Finland In 1861 Czar Alexander II gave Nylandska Jaktklubben (The Nyland Yacht Club) his assent to adopt a set of rules which allowed the vessels of club members to sail under “a white flag with an upright blue cross” and the complete coat of arms of the Province of Nyland in the upper corner. The following year, similar flags with the relevant coats of arms of their respective localities were decreed for other yacht clubs. This prompted a proposal in the Diet in 1863 that a flag for the Grand Duchy as a whole be adopted. However, the matter was never deliberated and lapsed. Nevertheless, the issue of a flag continued to germinate in the minds of citizens and numerous proposals concerning a “Finnish flag” appeared in the press.
As published in EnglishAs published by the Ministry of the Interior of Finland Finland declared independence on 6 December 1917. The occasion was celebrated by flying the red and yellow lion flag from the Government Palace the same day, and during the first months of independence, it was also used as the semi-official state flag.
As published in EnglishAs published by the Ministry of the Interior of Finland The Finnish parliament debated the flag issue in spring 1918, and on 28 May approved the proposal of its constitutional committee for a new national symbol. The act, making the design of Eero Snellman and Bruno Tuukkanen the official Finnish flag was issued two days later, and even though some of its provisions have been amended slightly since then, the design itself, a blue cross on a white field, remains unchanged.
As published in EnglishSources:- finland.fi ↗ - the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland
- presidentti.fi ↗ - the Office of the President of the Republic of Finland
- intermin.fi ↗ - the Ministry of the Interior of Finland
- National anthem
- Maamme0:46
- Title (in Finnish)
- Maamme
- Title (in Swedish)
- Vårt land
- Title (in English, translated from Finnish and Swedish)
- Our Land
- Lyrics
1Oi maamme Suomi, synnyinmaa! Soi, sana kultainen! Ei laaksoa ei kukkulaa, Ei vettä, rantaa rakkaampaa, Kuin kotimaa tää pohjoinen, Maa kallis isien! Ei laaksoa ei kukkulaa, Ei vettä, rantaa rakkaampaa, Kuin kotimaa tää pohjoinen, Maa kallis isien!
11Sun kukoistukses kuorestaan Kerrankin puhkeaa! Viel’ lempemme saa nousemaan, Sun toivos, riemus loistossaan, Ja kerran laulus, synnyinmaa, Korkeemman kaiun saa. Viel’ lempemme saa nousemaan, Sun toivos, riemus loistossaan, Ja kerran laulus, synnyinmaa, Korkeemman kaiun saa.
Source: - Citizens
- Finns
- Official name:The Constitution of Finland - 11 June 1999 (731/1999, amendments up to 817/2018 included) ↗ - Ministry of Justice - Finland [Finlex Data Bank]
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- National flag:finland.fi ↗ - the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland
- National flag:presidentti.fi ↗ - the Office of the President of the Republic of Finland
- National flag:intermin.fi ↗ - the Ministry of the Interior of Finland
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Total area
- 336,558 km²
- Land area
- 302,259 km²
- Water area
- 34,299 km²
- Land borders
- 2,563 km(3 countries)
- Coastline
- 1,250 km
- Terrain
Mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills - Mean elevation
- 164 m
- Highest point
- 1,328 mHalti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi)
- Lowest point
- 0 mBaltic Sea
- Climate
Cold temperate potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes - Avg. temperature
- 3 °C
- Avg. daily range
- −0.7 to 6.1 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 707 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January −5.8 −8.4 −11.2 46 February −5.7 −8.5 −11.7 38 March −0.8 −4.3 −8.3 38 April 5.3 1.5 −2.9 39 May 11.8 7.8 2.7 56 June 16.9 13.2 8.2 78 July 19.9 16.1 11.4 90 August 17.8 14 9.6 81 September 12.2 8.9 5.3 65 October 4.9 2.7 0.3 64 November −0.4 −2.2 −4.4 57 December −3.5 −5.7 −8.3 54 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable7.4%Forest74.2%Other18.4%
- Arable land
- 2,244,000 hectares (7.4%)
- Permanent crops
- 5,000 hectares (0.0%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 13,000 hectares (0.0%)
- Forest
- 22,543,000 hectares (74.2%)
- Other land
- 5,591,000 hectares (18.4%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Saimaa1,760 km²Paijanne1,090 km²Inarijarvi1,000 km²Oulujarvi900 km²Pielinen850 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- River floods6.2High#63/191Coastal floods5.3High#55/191Epidemics1.8Very low#189/191Drought1.7Very low#134/191Earthquakes0.1Very low#127/191Tsunamis0.0Very lowTropical cyclones0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- −0.03% per year−1,591 people/yearWorld Rank176thof 237
- Birth rate
- 7.8 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 10.9 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- +2.3 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 43.4 yearsWorld Rank37thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years14.0%15-64 years61.4%65 years +24.5%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 24.5%
- Share aged under 18
- 17.5%
- Total dependency ratio
- 63
- Youth dependency ratio
- 23
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 40
- Sex ratio
- 0.98 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 2.6% 4.1% 70-79 5.4% 6.3% 60-69 6.2% 6.5% 50-59 6.0% 5.9% 40-49 6.6% 6.3% 30-39 6.7% 6.2% 20-29 5.9% 5.6% 10-19 5.8% 5.5% 0-9 4.4% 4.2% - 2026
- 0.80 below the replacement level for Finland ()1.30 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank212thof 237
- 0.63 daughters per woman0.37 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- −3.1 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 3.1 more deaths than births a year
- 2026
- +2.3 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 74.8% live in cities4,204,166 urban residents
- Largest cities2025
- Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, VantaaRankCity or MunicipalityPopulation (2025 estimate)1Helsinki694,3922Espoo325,7163Tampere263,3374Vantaa252,9565Oulu217,4696Turku209,6337Jyväskylä149,8958Kuopio126,5729Lahti121,83210Pori83,010Source:
- Statistics Finland (2025 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- The vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated.
- Ethnic groups
- Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
90.9% of the population has a Finnish background (2022 est.)
Source:- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Religions2022
- Lutheran66.6%Greek Orthodox1.1%Other1.7%None30.6%
- Languages
- Finnish (Suomi), Swedish (Svenska)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Statistics Finland (2025 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of the Republic is elected by direct election from among Finnish citizens by birth, for a six-year term (§ 54).
- System of government
- Semi-presidentialAlthough often described as parliamentary, Finland is classified as semi-presidential because it combines a directly elected President with a Government whose members must enjoy Parliament's confidence; Parliament elects the Prime Minister, whom the President appoints (§§ 61, 64).Source:
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government
- President
- Parliament (in Finnish)
- Capital
- Helsinki694,392 people(2024)
- National holidays
- 15 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- TueJan 6Epiphany
- FriApr 3Good Friday
- SunApr 5Easter Sunday
- MonApr 6Easter Monday
- FriMay 1May Day
- ThuMay 14Ascension Day
- SunMay 24Pentecost
- FriJun 19Midsummer Eve
- SatJun 20Midsummer Day
- SatOct 31All Saints' Day
- SunDec 6Independence Day
- ThuDec 24Christmas Eve
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
- SatDec 26Second Day of Christmas
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- Currency
- Euro (EUR)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +358
- Internet TLD
- .fi
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- FI, FIN
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 10,794,518 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 17
- Aircraft departures
- 103,928 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 816.4 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- OH
Sources:- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- FinnairPartly state-owned
- Passenger rail
- VR
- 2025
- 88 / 100World Rank2ndof 182Confidence interval
Corruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 90 85 95 2013 89 86 92 2014 89 86 92 2015 90 87 93 2016 89 87 92 2017 85 80 90 2018 85 81 89 2019 86 81.2 90.8 2020 85 82.1 87.9 2021 88 85.9 90.1 2022 87 85 89 2023 87 85.3 88.7 2024 88 85 91 2025 88 85 91 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Suomen perustuslaki 11.6.1999/731, consolidated text ↗ - Ministry of Justice of Finland (Finlex)
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- High income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +1.7% per yearWorld Rank148thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $60,156 (22nd in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services62.1% of GDPIndustry22.5% of GDPAgriculture2.6% of GDPManufacturing14.2%part of industry
- Households
- +50.8%
- Government
- +26.1%
- Investment
- +21.9%
- Exports
- +42.3%
- Imports
- −41.1%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 2.4%up 0.5 percentage points0.5pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 2.9 million (51% of population)World Rank112thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 59.9% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 8.4%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 18.7% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $79.3 per hour worked at PPP
- Labor cost2025
- €39.40 per hour$44.52 (USD), $49.13 (PPP)
- Budget balance2026
- 4.2% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 0.3% of GDP, $983 million surplus
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt82.5% of GDPHousehold debt63.3% of GDPCompany debt117.4% of GDPInterest on debt1.6% of GDPCentral government debt82% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$90.7 billion67.5%
- Services$43.6 billion32.5%
- Total exports
- $134.3 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 7.3 percent on the previous year7.3%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- 2024
- +1.15World Rank16thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +1.6% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Oats, Barley, Peas (dry), and 7 more
- 1Oats81×
- 2Barley12.4×
- 3Peas (dry)10.8×
- 4Raw milk of cattle4.1×
- 5Sugar beet3.4×
- 6Potatoes2.1×
- 7Meat of pig with the bone (fresh or chilled)1.9×
- 8Meat of cattle with the bone (fresh or chilled)1.8×
- 9Meat of chickens (fresh or chilled)1.6×
- 10Wheat1.4×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 43.8 tonnesWorth $6.1 billion, 27% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity, Labor cost:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- €5,097 per month$5,760 (USD), $6,356 (PPP)
- Median
- €4,448 per month($5,027)
- Men
- €5,584 per month($6,310)
- Women
- €4,622 per month($5,223)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.948Very highWorld Rank12thof 193FinlandWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Finland World 1990 0.823 0.608 1991 0.827 0.611 1992 0.833 0.614 1993 0.838 0.617 1994 0.850 0.620 1995 0.856 0.625 1996 0.863 0.631 1997 0.871 0.636 1998 0.880 0.641 1999 0.889 0.646 2000 0.898 0.651 2001 0.908 0.657 2002 0.912 0.662 2003 0.915 0.669 2004 0.911 0.675 2005 0.914 0.681 2006 0.917 0.688 2007 0.920 0.694 2008 0.921 0.698 2009 0.916 0.701 2010 0.920 0.707 2011 0.924 0.713 2012 0.924 0.717 2013 0.934 0.721 2014 0.936 0.726 2015 0.938 0.731 2016 0.940 0.735 2017 0.942 0.739 2018 0.945 0.741 2019 0.947 0.745 2020 0.947 0.742 2021 0.949 0.742 2022 0.946 0.752 2023 0.948 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2023
- 27.4
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 13 years
- Expected for a child today
- 19.5 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Education expenditure2022
- 6.4% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 12.1%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 93.7% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 93%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 7.1 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 150,000
- Fixed broadband
- 36.5 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2021
- 65% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 97%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 100%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 98%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 96,872 people
- Asylum seekers
- 3,437
- Stateless persons
- 1,348
- Refugees from Finland abroad
- 5
Source:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Inbound tourists2024
- Official tourism site4.5 million arrivalsup 36% against 201936% above 2019World Rank50thof 139
- Per resident
- 8 arrivals per 10 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 485,000 arrivals
- $6.1 billion
- Spending per arrival
- $1,358
- 2.4% tourism direct GDP(2023)
- Domestic trips
- 26.1 million overnight trips by residents
- Residents' trips abroad
- 7.2 million overnight trips
- $7.5 billion
- 189,496
- Average hotel stay
- 2.2 nights
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 7 sites6 cultural1 natural
Site Type Fortress of Suomenlinna Cultural Old Rauma Cultural Petäjävesi Old Church Cultural Verla Groundwood and Board Mill Cultural Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki Cultural High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago Natural Struve Geodetic Arc Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2023
- Very low by global standards0.9 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank83rdof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 0.9 52 2023 Serious assault 32.0 1,795 2023 Sexual violence 109.0 6,103 2023 Kidnapping 0.1 4 2023 Burglary 104.3 5,810 2022 Theft 2,241.3 124,826 2022 Vehicle theft 98.8 5,503 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 52.9 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 2,962
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 82.4 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 10.5% of GDP$5,515 per person
- Physicians2021
- 3.61 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2022
- 2.6 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 1.6 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 8 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 9.5 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2022
- 22.4% of adults
- Men
- 26.5%
- Women
- 18.2%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 4.4% of household spendingWorld Rank25thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 3.9 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 31.1 Mt per yeardown 5.4 percent on the previous year5.4% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 5.5 t per personWorld Rank51stof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.08%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 10.8 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 6.11 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0.69 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 48.7 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 4.9 µg/m³ of PM2.5Most polluted184thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 10 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- limited air pollution in urban centers
- some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals
- habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
- International agreements
- 20 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 156 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1989 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1988 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1994 CITES in force 1976 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 1989 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol in force 2016 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1975 World Heritage Convention in force 1987 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1996 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1992 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1996 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 1983 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 0% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 110 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 19,751 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 3% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 2.8 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 36%
- Water stress
- 7% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity2024
- 24.2% of adults
- Men
- 23.6%
- Women
- 24.7%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 187.7 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.16%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 54% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Net importer, net 3.2 TWh in 2024, 4% of consumption79 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 79 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 79 TWh per year
- Imports
- 8.7 TWh per year
- Exports
- 5.5 TWh per year
- Net
- −3.2 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 2.3% of GDP$7 billion, 4.1% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 31,000active-duty military personnel
Active-duty figures include about 21,000 conscripts carrying out their obligated military service.
Source:- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Military service2025
- Conscriptionmen 18+, 5.5–12 months within a branch of the military or the Border Guard, length depends on the type of duty, or non-military service of 8.5 or 11.5 months; voluntary women 18–29; reserves until age 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers
Finland has had conscription since 1951; each year, the military inducts and active-duty units train approximately 21,000 conscripts; the resulting pool of trained reservists gives the FDF a wartime strength of approximately 280,000 and a total reserve of some 900,000 citizens with military service.
Source:- The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service:The World Factbook: Finland - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
