National Identity
- Official name
- Mongolia
- Official name (in Mongolian)
- Монгол Улс
- Official name (in Mongolian, Romanized)
- Mongol Uls
- Name etymology
name comes from the Mongol people, whose name derives from the Mongol root word mengu or mongu, meaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"
Sources:- The Constitution of Mongolia ↗ - The Constitutional Court of Mongolia
- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- National emblem
- National flag
- The State Flag of Mongolia shall be of the combined colours red, blue and red. The middle part of the flag, one third of its size, shall be the blue of the eternal sky, and its two sides shall be red, the symbol of rising and flourishing. A golden Soyombo shall be placed in the centre of the red field on the hoist side of the flag. The width and length of the flag shall be in the ratio of 1:2.
Translated from legalinfo.mn Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from legalinfo.mn The middle part of the flag, one third of its size, shall be the blue of the eternal sky, and its two sides shall be red, the symbol of rising and flourishing.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the General Archival Authority of Mongolia Seeing this, it is certain that the Mongols have long regarded this sign called the Soyombo as a precious and important symbol of the freedom and independent status of Mongolia
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the General Archival Authority of Mongolia For instance, it is a historical truth that Tsogt Khuntaij of Khalkha, who fought for the independence and freedom of his land at the time of the Manchu aggression at the beginning of the 17th century; Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar, who, although the country came under Manchu dominion, preserved the independence of the state by encoding it in the Soyombo sign; and the valiant and courageous men who took part in the Mongolian National Liberation Revolution of 1911, the Mongolian National Democratic Revolution of 1921 and other events, fought for the independence of their state and nation, and liberated their homeland and people from foreign aggressors, all placed the Soyombo sign on their banners and flags and carried it raised high above their heads.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the General Archival Authority of Mongolia The admission of the Mongolian People's Republic as a full member of the UN in 1961 brought its independence recognition throughout the world, and the hoisting of its golden-Soyombo State Flag in front of the UN headquarters is proof that the Soyombo sign was the symbol of Mongolian independence.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the MONTSAME News Agency of Mongolia While the draft of the Great Law (Constitution) of Mongolia was being discussed, many proposals came from citizens concerning the draft and design of the State Emblem and flag. A considerable part of them proposed keeping the emblem and flag of that time unchanged, another part proposed changing the emblem to the “Soyombo” and the flag to a blue colour, and a third proposed restoring the tradition from before 1960. Taking into account that this issue has many aspects, not only legal but also historical, political, and those of art and literary studies, a special working group was established with the participation of people of various professions, and, on the basis of separately compiling and studying the proposals of the working people, it worked by, among other things, modifying the previous version bearing the Soyombo set on a white flower to develop a new draft design and putting it to specific discussion.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from legalinfo.mn Article 2. The ceremony of certifying the original of the Constitution of Mongolia and of solemnly installing the originals of the State Emblem and flag shall be held on 15 January 1992 in the hall of the People's Great Khural.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- legalinfo.mn ↗
- archives.gov.mn ↗ - the General Archival Authority of Mongolia
- montsame.mn ↗ - the MONTSAME News Agency of Mongolia
- legalinfo.mn ↗
- National anthem
- Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal (Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал)
- Title (in Mongolian, Cyrillic script)
- Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал
- Title (in Mongolian, Latin script)
- Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal
- Title (in English, translated)
- National Anthem of Mongolia
- Lyrics
1Дархан манай тусгаар улс Даяар Монголын ариун голомт Далай их дээдсийн гэгээн үйлс Дандаа энхжиж, үүрд мөнхөжнө
ChorusХамаг дэлхийн шударга улстай Хамтран нэгдсэн эвээ бэхжүүлж Хатан зориг, бүхий л чадлаараа Хайртай Монгол орноо мандуулъя
2Өндөр төрийн минь сүлд ивээж Өргөн түмний минь заяа түшиж Үндэс язгуур, хэл соёлоо Үрийн үрдээ өвлөн бадраая
ChorusЭрэлхэг Монголын золтой ардууд Эрх чөлөө жаргалыг эдлэв Жаргалын түлхүүр, хөгжлийн тулгуур Жавхлант манай орон мандтугай
Source: - Citizens
- Mongolians
- Official name:The Constitution of Mongolia ↗ - The Constitutional Court of Mongolia
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- National flag:legalinfo.mn ↗
- National flag:archives.gov.mn ↗ - the General Archival Authority of Mongolia
- National flag:montsame.mn ↗ - the MONTSAME News Agency of Mongolia
- National flag:legalinfo.mn ↗
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Total area
- 1,564,116 km²
- Land area
- 1,553,556 km²
- Water area
- 10,560 km²
- Land borders
- 8,082 km(2 countries)
- Coastline
- 0 km(Landlocked)
- Terrain
Vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central - Mean elevation
- 1,528 m
- Highest point
- 4,374 mNayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak)
- Lowest point
- 560 mHoh Nuur
- Climate
Desert continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) - Avg. temperature
- 1.5 °C
- Avg. daily range
- −4.6 to 7.3 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 265 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January −13.2 −19.1 −24.6 3 February −7.8 −14.3 −21 4 March 0.5 −5.7 −12.8 9 April 10.1 4.1 −2.6 16 May 17.2 11.3 4.6 26 June 22.9 17.4 11.2 45 July 25 19.8 14.1 60 August 23 17.5 11.7 51 September 16.9 10.7 4.3 26 October 7.8 1.5 −4.8 13 November −3.5 −9.2 −14.8 7 December −11.6 −16.9 −22 4 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable0.7%Pasture68.2%Forest9.1%Other21.9%
- Arable land
- 1,143,269 hectares (0.7%)
- Permanent crops
- 5,700 hectares (0.0%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 106,318,277 hectares (68.2%)
- Forest
- 14,178,330 hectares (9.1%)
- Other land
- 34,108,483 hectares (21.9%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Uvs Nuur3,350 km²Hovsgol Nuur2,620 km²Har Us Nuur1,760 km²Hyargas Nuur1,360 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- River floods6.7Very high#48/191Drought6.6Very high#16/191Epidemics3.8Medium#131/191Earthquakes2.1Very low#109/191Tsunamis0.0Very lowTropical cyclones0.0Very lowCoastal floods0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +1.13% per year+39,698 people/yearWorld Rank91stof 237
- Birth rate
- 16.9 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 6.0 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- 0.0 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 27.0 yearsWorld Rank158thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years30.9%15-64 years63.4%65 years +5.7%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 5.7%
- Share aged under 18
- 36.7%
- Total dependency ratio
- 58
- Youth dependency ratio
- 49
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 9
- Sex ratio
- 0.99 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.3% 0.5% 70-79 0.8% 1.4% 60-69 2.8% 3.7% 50-59 4.7% 5.2% 40-49 6.6% 6.5% 30-39 7.6% 7.3% 20-29 6.6% 6.2% 10-19 10.5% 9.8% 0-9 10.0% 9.5% - 2026
- 0.44 above the replacement level for Mongolia ()2.54 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank76thof 237
- 1.22 daughters per woman0.22 above replacement, long-run each generation larger than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +10.9 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 10.9 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- 0.0 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 71.3% live in cities2,536,872 urban residents
- Largest cities2021
- Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan, ChoibalsanRankCity or Urban SettlementPopulation (2021 estimate)1Ulaanbaatar1,466,4312Erdenet102,1413Darkhan84,4294Choibalsan47,1535Mörön42,4236Ölgii39,7117Nalaikh38,9298Arvaikheer34,6059Bayankhongor32,45410Khovd31,980Source:
- Mongolian National Statistical Office (2021 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities.
- Ethnic groups2020
- Khalkh83.8%Kazak3.8%Durvud2.6%Bayad2.0%Buriad1.4%Zakhchin1.2%Dariganga1.1%Other4.1%
- Religions2020
- Buddhist51.8%None40.6%Muslim3.2%Shaman2.5%Christian1.3%Other0.6%
- Languages
- Mongolian (Монгол хэл)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Mongolian National Statistical Office (2021 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President is Head of State and embodiment of national unity, elected once only for a six-year term; the Constitution calls Mongolia "an independent and sovereign republic" (Arts. 1, 30).Source:
- System of government
- Semi-presidentialThe President submits to the State Great Khural (parliament) the Prime Minister named by the parliamentary majority; the Prime Minister is responsible to the Khural, and the President must dissolve it if it fails to appoint one within set deadlines (Arts. 22, 39, 41).Source:
- Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хууль (Constitution of Mongolia) ↗, Arts. 22, 39, 41
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government
- President
- Parliament (in Mongolian)
- Capital
- Ulaanbaatar1.7 million people(2023)
- National holidays
- 16 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- WedFeb 18Lunar New Year
- ThuFeb 19Lunar New Year
- FriFeb 20Lunar New Year
- SunMar 8International Women's Day
- SunMay 31The Buddha's Birthday
- MonJun 1Children's Day
- FriJul 10National Festival and People's Revolution Anniversary
- SatJul 11National Festival and People's Revolution Anniversary
- SunJul 12National Festival and People's Revolution Anniversary
- MonJul 13National Festival and People's Revolution Anniversary
- TueJul 14National Festival and People's Revolution Anniversary
- WedJul 15National Festival and People's Revolution Anniversary
- TueNov 10Genghis Khan's Birthday
- ThuNov 26Republic Day
- TueDec 29National Freedom and Independence Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- ULATUlaanbaatar Standard TimeUTC+8
Mongolia spans multiple time zones, the capital's is shown here. All 2 time zones
- Currency
- Mongolian Tugrik (MNT)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +976
- Internet TLD
- .mn
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- MN, MNG
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 773,702 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Aircraft departures
- 7,240 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 26.5 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- JU
Sources:- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- MIAT Mongolian AirlinesState-owned
- 2025
- 31 / 100World Rank124thof 182
Significant declinerDown 8 points since 2015, when it scored 39.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 36 32 40 2013 38 34 42 2014 39 36 42 2015 39 36 42 2016 38 35 41 2017 36 34 38 2018 37 34 40 2019 35 31.9 38.1 2020 35 33.8 36.2 2021 35 34.1 35.9 2022 33 31.7 34.3 2023 33 31.3 34.7 2024 33 30.7 35.3 2025 31 29.3 32.7 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хууль (Constitution of Mongolia) ↗ - National Legal Institute of Mongolia (Legal Information Unified System)
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +6.2% per yearWorld Rank18thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $8,570 (101st in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services44.3% of GDPIndustry37.2% of GDPAgriculture8.9% of GDPManufacturing5.9%part of industry
- Households
- +51.5%
- Government
- +14.6%
- Investment
- +31.4%
- Exports
- +68.1%
- Imports
- −62.6%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useThe five add up to 102.9% of GDP, not 100. The gap is in the source data.
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 11%up 2.4 percentage points2.4pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 1.4 million (41% of population)World Rank138thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 60.3% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 5.2%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 11.5% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $18.2 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 2.5% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 2.2% of GDP, $697 million deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt44.4% of GDPInterest on debt1.3% of GDPCentral government debt39% of GDP
- Trade2024
- Goods$14.7 billion90.2%
- Services$1.6 billion9.8%
- Total exports
- $16.4 billion
- Change from 2023
- up 5.5 percent on the previous year5.5%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- 2024
- −1.55World Rank131stof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +1.1% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Horse meat (fresh or chilled), Raw hides and skins of sheep or lambs, Edible offal of sheep (fresh or chilled or frozen), and 7 more
- 1Horse meat (fresh or chilled)497.6×
- 2Raw hides and skins of sheep or lambs106.3×
- 3Edible offal of sheep (fresh or chilled or frozen)97.3×
- 4Edible offal of goat (fresh or chilled or frozen)83.5×
- 5Meat of sheep (fresh or chilled)70.2×
- 6Meat of goat (fresh or chilled)50.1×
- 7Carrots and turnips23.9×
- 8Raw hides and skins of cattle15×
- 9Edible offal of cattle (fresh or chilled or frozen)14.9×
- 10Oats9.6×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 7.8 tonnesWorth $1.1 billion, 16% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- construction and construction materials
- mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold)
- oil
- food and beverages
- processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing
Source:- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- MNT 1,987,681 per month$561 (USD), $1,683 (PPP)
- Median
- MNT 1,800,000 per month($508)
- Men
- MNT 2,222,968 per month($627)
- Women
- MNT 1,726,709 per month($487)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- MNT 660,000 per month, gross$195 (USD), $591 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.747HighWorld Rank104thof 193MongoliaWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Mongolia World 1990 0.593 0.608 1991 0.591 0.611 1992 0.581 0.614 1993 0.567 0.617 1994 0.568 0.620 1995 0.572 0.625 1996 0.578 0.631 1997 0.585 0.636 1998 0.594 0.641 1999 0.602 0.646 2000 0.611 0.651 2001 0.622 0.657 2002 0.631 0.662 2003 0.643 0.669 2004 0.658 0.675 2005 0.671 0.681 2006 0.683 0.688 2007 0.696 0.694 2008 0.707 0.698 2009 0.711 0.701 2010 0.714 0.707 2011 0.725 0.713 2012 0.735 0.717 2013 0.744 0.721 2014 0.748 0.726 2015 0.753 0.731 2016 0.759 0.735 2017 0.759 0.739 2018 0.767 0.741 2019 0.758 0.745 2020 0.741 0.742 2021 0.727 0.742 2022 0.742 0.752 2023 0.747 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2022
- 31.4
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 9.4 years
- Expected for a child today
- 13.6 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2024
- 98.6% of adults
- Education expenditure2024
- 5.2% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 13.8%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 85.1% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 83.4%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 4.9 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 519,169
- Fixed broadband
- 15.8 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 6% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 88%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 98%
- Mobile-money account
- 64%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 95%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 11 people
- Asylum seekers
- 15
- Stateless persons
- 17
- Internally displaced persons
- 850All due to disasters
- Refugees from Mongolia abroad
- 2,492
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2024
- 727,000 arrivalsup 26% against 201926% above 2019World Rank93rdof 139
- Per resident
- 2.1 arrivals per 10 residents
- All visitors
- 637,000 arrivals, overnight and same-day(2019, latest available)
- $737 million
- Spending per arrival
- $1,014
- 0% tourism direct GDP(2020, latest available)
- $1.7 billion
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 6 sites4 cultural2 natural
Site Type Uvs Nuur Basin Natural Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape Cultural Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai Cultural Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape Cultural Landscapes of Dauria Natural Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2024
- Medium by global standards5.6 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank30thof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 5.6 196 2024 Serious assault 0.3 11 2023 Sexual violence 21.2 728 2023 Kidnapping 0.0 1 2023 Burglary 138.2 4,549 2020 Theft 155.0 5,100 2020 Vehicle theft 7.0 230 2020 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 164.5 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 5,647
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 72.5 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 6.1% of GDP$360 per person
- Physicians2022
- 4.13 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2023
- 8.6 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 8.1 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 41 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 7.7 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2023
- 29.7% of adults
- Men
- 52.1%
- Women
- 7.4%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 21 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 27.7 Mt per yearup 1.9 percent on the previous year1.9% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 8.2 t per personWorld Rank31stof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.07%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 64.5 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 12.2 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 104.4 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 29.4 µg/m³ of PM2.52.4 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted26thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 25 µg/m³
- Life expectancy gain if the national standard were met
- 0.4 years
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- limited natural freshwater resources in some areas
- air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar
- soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing
- water pollution
- desertification
- effects from mining
Source:- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- International agreements
- 19 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 66 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1996 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1996 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1993 CITES in force 1996 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 1999 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2003 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1998 World Heritage Convention in force 1990 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1996 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1997 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1996 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) not a party MARPOL 73/78 in force 2004 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 35.6% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 35 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 10,278 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 0% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 0.5 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 54%
- Water stress
- 3% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 3% of the population100,000 people
- Obesity2024
- 25.1% of adults
- Men
- 22.8%
- Women
- 26.9%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2023
- 1.9% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 79.6 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.04%
- Supply
- Surplusproduces 7.8× what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Net importer, net 2.7 TWh in 2024, 26% of consumption8.8 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 8.8 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 10 TWh per year
- Imports
- 2.8 TWh per year
- Exports
- 0 TWh per year
- Net
- −2.7 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.7% of GDP$180.8 million, 2% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- estimated 10,000–20,000active Mongolian Armed ForcesEstimates vary.
- Military service2025
- Conscriptionmen 18+, 12 months in the military or police, extendable to 15 months under special circumstances, or a 24-month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; voluntary men and women 18–25, initial service 24 months
After conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years.
Source:- The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service:The World Factbook: Mongolia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
