National Identity
- Official name
- United Mexican States
- Official name (in Spanish)
- Estados Unidos Mexicanos
- Name etymology
name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people
Sources:- Political Constitution of the United Mexican States ↗ - Government of Mexico
- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- National emblem
- National flag
Translated from gob.mx The National Flag consists of a rectangle divided into three vertical stripes of identical measurements, with the colours in the following order starting from the staff: green, white and red. In the white stripe and at the centre, it has the National Coat of Arms, with a diameter of three quarters of the width of said stripe. The proportion between the width and the length of the flag is four to seven.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from gob.mx As for the colours of the Flag, it has been agreed to give them the following meanings: green symbolises the hope of the people in the destiny of their race; white, unity; and red, the blood that the heroes shed for the Homeland.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from gob.mx The coat of arms of the national flag is based on the legend that tells of when Huitzilopochtli prophesied to the Aztecs, during their migration from Aztlán, that they were to look in a lake for an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a serpent in its talons. On seeing this scene, they founded in that place the city of Tenochtitlan, present-day Mexico City.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from gob.mx Its origin occurs during the final stage of the struggle for independence. With the formation of the Army of the Three Guarantees in 1821, the need arose to create an emblem in which the ideals of religion, independence and union were represented in three colours: white, green and red, respectively. One year later, in 1822, the design of the standard was modified. Its stripes, which were originally diagonal, were placed vertically and arranged as green, white and red; likewise, the National Coat of Arms was included and placed at the centre. This structure prevailed for almost a century and a half, until in 1968 the version we know today was created.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the General Archive of the Nation of Mexico The current National Flag was adopted on 17 September 1968, and 24 February was decreed as Flag Day.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from gob.mx However, the current model of the coat of arms of the flag was designed by the architects Francisco Eppens Helguera and Pedro Moctezuma Días Infante, and it was presented on 24 February 1969.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- gob.mx ↗
- gob.mx ↗
- gob.mx ↗
- archivos.gob.mx ↗ - the General Archive of the Nation of Mexico
- National anthem
- Himno Nacional Mexicano1:42
- Title (in Spanish)
- Himno Nacional Mexicano
- Title (in English, translated)
- National Anthem of Mexico
- Unofficial title (in Spanish)
- Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
- Unofficial title (in English, translated)
- Mexicans, to the War Cry
- Lyrics
Chorus: Mexicanos, al grito de guerra el acero aprestad y el bridón y retiemble en sus centros la tierra al sonoro rugir del cañón.
1Ciña ¡oh Patria! tus sienes de oliva de la paz el arcángel divino que en el cielo tu eterno destino por el dedo de Dios se escribió.
Mas si osare un extraño enemigo profanar con su planta tu suelo piensa ¡oh Patria querida! que el cielo un soldado en cada hijo te dio.
:5¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que intente de la patria manchar los blasones! ¡Guerra, guerra! los patrios pendones en las olas de sangre empapad.
¡Guerra, guerra! en el monte, en el valle los cañones horrísonos truenen, y los ecos sonoros resuenen con las voces de ¡Unión! ¡Libertad!
:6Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen, tus campiñas con sangre se rieguen, sobre sangre se estampe su pie.
Y tus templos, palacios y torres se derrumben con hórrido estruendo y sus ruinas existan diciendo: de mil héroes la patria aquí fue.
:10¡Patria! ¡Patria! tus hijos te juran exhalar en tus aras su aliento sí el clarín con su bélico acento los convoca a lidiar con valor.
¡Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva! ¡Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria! ¡Un laurel para ti de victoria! ¡Un sepulcro para ellos de honor!
:Source: - Citizens
- Mexicans
- Official name:Political Constitution of the United Mexican States ↗ - Government of Mexico
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- National flag:gob.mx ↗
- National flag:gob.mx ↗
- National flag:gob.mx ↗
- National flag:archivos.gob.mx ↗ - the General Archive of the Nation of Mexico
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States
- Total area
- 1,964,375 km²
- Land area
- 1,943,945 km²
- Water area
- 20,430 km²
- Land borders
- 4,389 km(3 countries)
- United States
- 3,155 km
- Guatemala
- 958 km
- Belize
- 276 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Coastline
- 9,330 km
- Terrain
High, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert - Mean elevation
- 1,111 m
- Highest point
- 5,636 mVolcan Pico de Orizaba
- Lowest point
- −10 mLaguna Salada
- Climate
Varies from tropical to desert - Avg. temperature
- 20.9 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 15.3 to 27.5 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 824 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 22.3 15.2 9.6 27 February 24.3 16.9 10.9 22 March 26.8 19.2 12.7 21 April 29.3 21.8 15.1 23 May 31 24 17.5 47 June 31.4 25.2 19.7 112 July 30.5 24.8 20.1 135 August 30.4 24.7 20 140 September 29.1 23.5 19.1 152 October 27.7 21.4 16.3 83 November 24.9 18.1 12.6 37 December 22.5 15.5 10 26 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable10.3%Perm. crops2.3%Pasture38.1%Forest34.2%Other15.1%
- Arable land
- 20,023,595 hectares (10.3%)
- Permanent crops
- 4,422,119 hectares (2.3%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 74,099,695 hectares (38.1%)
- Forest
- 66,521,122 hectares (34.2%)
- Other land
- 29,328,466 hectares (15.1%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Laguna de Terminos1,550 km²Laguna de Chapala1,140 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- Earthquakes8.2Very high#22/191River floods7.9Very high#21/191Tropical cyclones7.1Very high#20/191Coastal floods6.3High#34/191Tsunamis5.5High#50/191Epidemics5.4High#81/191Drought3.0Low#99/191
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +0.80% per year+1,050,758 people/yearWorld Rank116thof 237
- Birth rate
- 15.0 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 6.3 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −0.8 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 30.0 yearsWorld Rank135thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years23.7%15-64 years67.5%65 years +8.8%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 8.8%
- Share aged under 18
- 28.7%
- Total dependency ratio
- 48
- Youth dependency ratio
- 35
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 13
- Sex ratio
- 0.94 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.7% 0.9% 70-79 1.7% 2.2% 60-69 3.3% 4.0% 50-59 4.9% 5.8% 40-49 5.9% 6.9% 30-39 7.4% 7.8% 20-29 8.2% 8.2% 10-19 8.5% 8.2% 0-9 7.8% 7.5% - 2026
- 0.25 below the replacement level for Mexico ()1.85 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank123rdof 237
- 0.89 daughters per woman0.11 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +8.6 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 8.6 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −0.8 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 80.3% live in cities106,843,110 urban residents
- Largest cities2020
- Mexico City, Tijuana, Ecatepec de Morelos, LeónRankCityPopulation (2020 census)1Mexico City8,843,7062Tijuana1,810,6453Ecatepec de Morelos1,643,6234León1,579,8035Puebla1,542,2326Ciudad Juárez1,501,5517Guadalajara1,385,6218Zapopan1,257,5479Monterrey1,142,95210Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl1,072,676Source:
- National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, Mexico (2020 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City.
- Ethnic groups2012
- Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity.Mestizo62.0%Predominantly Indigenous21.0%Indigenous7.0%Other10.0%
Mestizo denotes Indigenous-Spanish ancestry.Other is mostly European.
Source:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Religions2020
- Catholic77.7%None10.6%Other Evangelical Churches7.5%Jehovah's Witness1.2%
Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, and other religions each account for less than 1 percent.
Source:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Languages
- Spanish (Español)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, Mexico (2020 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President holds the Supreme Executive Power alone, is elected directly for six years, and may have the office revoked as the Constitution provides; Mexico is a "federal Republic" of free and sovereign States (Arts. 40, 80, 81, 83).Source:
- Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, texto vigente ↗, Arts. 40, 80, 81, 83
- System of government
- PresidentialThe President is also head of government and appoints and freely removes the Secretaries of State, who report to Congress and answer interpellations; there is no confidence vote, and no power to dissolve either chamber (Arts. 89, 93, 51).Source:
- Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, texto vigente ↗, Arts. 89, 93, 51
- Territorial organisation
- Federal
- Official websites
- Government
- President
- Parliament (in Spanish, English available)
- Capital
- Mexico City9.2 million people(2020)
- National holidays
- 7 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- MonFeb 2Constitution Day
- MonMar 16Benito Juárez's birthday
- FriMay 1Labor Day
- WedSep 16Independence Day
- MonNov 16Revolution Day
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- CSTCentral Standard TimeUTC−6
Mexico spans multiple time zones, the capital's is shown here. All 5 time zones
- Currency
- Mexican Peso (MXN)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +52
- Internet TLD
- .mx
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- MX, MEX
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 78,763,320 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 488
- Aircraft departures
- 556,879 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 1,091.5 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- XA
Sources:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- AeroméxicoPrivately owned
- Passenger rail
- Tren Maya
- 2025
- 27 / 100World Rank141stof 182
Significant declinerDown 8 points since 2014, when it scored 35.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 34 31 37 2013 34 31 37 2014 35 32 38 2015 31 26 36 2016 30 28 33 2017 29 26 32 2018 28 25 31 2019 29 26.2 31.8 2020 31 28.7 33.3 2021 31 28.6 33.4 2022 31 28.3 33.7 2023 31 28.4 33.6 2024 26 23.3 28.7 2025 27 24.6 29.4 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, texto vigente ↗ - Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of the Union (Mexico)
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +1.5% per yearWorld Rank151stof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $16,191 (73rd in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services58.9% of GDPIndustry30.6% of GDPAgriculture3.9% of GDPManufacturing20%part of industry
- Households
- +70.2%
- Government
- +11.8%
- Investment
- +22.6%
- Exports
- +39.6%
- Imports
- −40.3%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useThe five add up to 104% of GDP, not 100. The gap is in the source data.
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 3.8%
- Labor force2024
- 60.9 million (47% of population)World Rank11thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 61.6% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 2.7%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 5.8% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $22.7 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 4.2% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 0.3% of GDP, $6.9 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Central government debt45.4% of GDPHousehold debt16.7% of GDPCompany debt22.3% of GDPInterest on debt6.5% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$665.6 billion91.2%
- Services$64 billion8.8%
- Total exports
- $729.6 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 7.1 percent on the previous year7.1%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- 2024
- +0.94World Rank27thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +2.5% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Avocados, Lemons and limes, Chillies and peppers (green), and 7 more
- 1Avocados17.3×
- 2Lemons and limes10×
- 3Chillies and peppers (green)5.1×
- 4Oranges5.1×
- 5Sorghum4.9×
- 6Mangoes and guavas and mangosteens3×
- 7Hen eggs in shell (fresh)2.5×
- 8Meat of cattle with the bone (fresh or chilled)2.3×
- 9Meat of chickens (fresh or chilled)2.2×
- 10Sugar cane1.9×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 120 tonnesWorth $16.9 billion, 7% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- MX$10,609 per month$551 (USD), $938 (PPP)
- Median
- MX$8,764 per month($456)
- Men
- MX$11,347 per month($590)
- Women
- MX$9,549 per month($496)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- MX$6,467 per month, gross$353 (USD), $599 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.789HighWorld Rank81stof 193MexicoWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Mexico World 1990 0.668 0.608 1991 0.670 0.611 1992 0.672 0.614 1993 0.675 0.617 1994 0.680 0.620 1995 0.680 0.625 1996 0.687 0.631 1997 0.694 0.636 1998 0.701 0.641 1999 0.706 0.646 2000 0.712 0.651 2001 0.715 0.657 2002 0.722 0.662 2003 0.728 0.669 2004 0.732 0.675 2005 0.736 0.681 2006 0.745 0.688 2007 0.747 0.694 2008 0.750 0.698 2009 0.749 0.701 2010 0.751 0.707 2011 0.757 0.713 2012 0.764 0.717 2013 0.765 0.721 2014 0.769 0.726 2015 0.773 0.731 2016 0.778 0.735 2017 0.781 0.739 2018 0.785 0.741 2019 0.788 0.745 2020 0.763 0.742 2021 0.761 0.742 2022 0.783 0.752 2023 0.789 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2024
- 42.6
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 9.3 years
- Expected for a child today
- 14.5 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2024
- 95.6% of adults
- Education expenditure2022
- 4.1% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 14.2%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 83.1% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 73.6%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 152.4 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 29,519,195
- Fixed broadband
- 21.7 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 14% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 40%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 53%
- Mobile-money account
- 10%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 41%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 168,489 people
- Asylum seekers
- 172,225
- Stateless persons
- 13
- Internally displaced persons
- 390,000All due to conflicts
- Refugees from Mexico abroad
- 27,347
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2024
- Official tourism site45 million arrivalsWorld Rank5thof 139
- Per resident
- 3.4 arrivals per 10 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 41.4 million arrivals
- $36.2 billion
- Spending per arrival
- $805
- Share of GDP
- 8.6% tourism direct GDP(2023)
- Residents' trips abroad
- 18.8 million overnight trips
- $15.7 billion
- Hotel beds
- 1.8 million(2023)
- 3.6 nights(2023)
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 36 sites28 cultural6 natural2 mixed
Site Type Historic Mexico City Cultural Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl Cultural Teotihuacan Cultural Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino Natural Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve Natural Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley Mixed Historic Puebla Cultural El Tajin Cultural Historic Tlacotalpan Cultural Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán Cultural Palenque Cultural Chichen-Itza Cultural Uxmal Cultural Wixárika Route through Sacred Sites to Wirikuta (Tatehuarí Huajuyé) Cultural The Factbook names 14 of the 36 sites.
Source:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Medium5.8 out of 10International displacementSeverity by monthSep 2024 to Aug 2026What the score is made ofImpact of the crisis5.6Conditions of people affected6.6Complexity of the crisis4.6
Data reliability as rated by INFORM: High. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2024
- Very high by global standards25.6 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank6thof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 25.6 33,550 2024 Serious assault 47.7 61,941 2023 Sexual violence 68.9 89,331 2023 Kidnapping 0.5 619 2023 Burglary 45.6 58,604 2022 Theft 243.6 313,323 2022 Vehicle theft 70.5 90,688 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 179.8 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 233,277
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 75.6 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 5.5% of GDP$761 per person
- Physicians2022
- 2.59 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2022
- 1 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 9.7 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 42 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 6 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2023
- 16% of adults
- Men
- 24.2%
- Women
- 7.8%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 2.3% of household spendingWorld Rank64thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 12.8 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 476 Mt per yearup 0.1 percent on the previous year0.1% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 3.4 t per personWorld Rank93rdof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 1.2%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 150.7 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 37.2 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 22.9 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 686.8 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 17.4 µg/m³ of PM2.51.2 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted75thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 12 µg/m³
- Life expectancy gain if the national standard were met
- 0.5 years
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities
- natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast
- urban river pollution from raw sewage and industrial effluents
- deforestation
- widespread erosion
- desertification
- serious air and water pollution in urban areas
- land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation as national security issues
Source:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- International agreements
- 19 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 108 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1989 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1988 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1993 CITES in force 1991 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) not a party Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2003 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1986 World Heritage Convention in force 1984 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1996 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1992 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2005 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1994 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 1992 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 3.9% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 462 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 3,591 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 12% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 90 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 76%
- Water stress
- 45% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 3.2% of the population4 million people
- Obesity2024
- 37.4% of adults
- Men
- 32.7%
- Women
- 41.4%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2022
- 4.2% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 62.8 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 1.3%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 76% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- 387 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 387 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 343 TWh per year
- Imports
- 2.9 TWh per year
- Exports
- 3.2 TWh per year
- Net
- +0.3 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Self-sufficientproduction matches consumption, 2025Oil reserves20255.9 billion barrelsWorld Rank21stof 99Exports20201.2 million b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Mineral resources2025
- Copper
Mineral Mine production Reserves Copper 690,000 t3.0% of world 53 million t USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.9% of GDP$16.7 billion, 3% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 260,000active-duty Armed Forces; approximately 110,000 National Guard personnelEstimates vary.
- Military service2025
- Selective conscriptionmen 18+, lottery-based, 12 months; voluntary men and women 18+, 16 with parental consent
- Space program2025
- Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013)
Has a national space policy with a focus on expanding Mexico's commercial space sector, including acquiring satellites and developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research on a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and weather sciences, remote sensing, robotics, satellite payloads, and telecommunications; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Japan, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; led effort to establish the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency and hosts its headquarters
- 1962-1977
- Sounding rocket program
- 1985
- First Mexican in space on US Space Shuttle; first communications satellite (Morelos-1) built by US and released from the US Space Shuttle
- 2015
- First successful launch of MEXSAT series of communications satellites by the US
- 2021
- Signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration
- 2024
- Contributed five autonomous micro-robots (Colmena project) on failed US commercial Moon lander mission
Key milestones
Source:- The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Mexico - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
