National Identity
- Official name
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Official name (in Serbian, Cyrillic script)
- Босна и Херцеговина
- Official name (in Serbian, Latin script)
- Bosna i Hercegovina
- Official name (in Bosnian)
- Bosna i Hercegovina
- Official name (in Croatian)
- Bosna i Hercegovina
- Name etymology
the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the Old Serbian word herceg, meaning "duke," combined with the possessive -ov and the suffix -ina, meaning "country," to denote "dukedom"
Sources:- Art. 1 - Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina ↗ - Costitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
Translated from the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina is blue in colour. To the right of the centre there is a triangle of yellow colour. Parallel to the left side of the triangle, from the upper edge of the flag to the lower edge, extends a row of white five-pointed stars. The flag is rectangular in shape. The ratio between the length and the width of the flag is 1:2.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina represents Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the flag is displayed as a symbol of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Public Enterprise Newspaper and Publishing Organisation Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (JP NIO Službeni list BiH) the authors of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Dayton did not succeed in constitutionally defining the state symbols. The signatories agreed that they would give the authority to adopt a decision on the symbols to the Parliamentary Assembly of BiH, but with the restriction that the decision must also be confirmed by the Presidency of BiH. As is known, for years it was not possible in the Parliamentary Assembly of BiH to agree on common state symbols,
Unofficial translation by WorldometerAs published by the Office of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina In accordance with my authority under Annex 10 of the Peace Agreement and Article XI of the Bonn Document, I hereby decide that the Law on the Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina with alternative one shall enter into force with immediate effect. However, the blue and yellow colours used in the flag have been amended and shall be the blue and yellow of the flag of the Council of Europe.
As published in EnglishTranslated from the Public Enterprise Newspaper and Publishing Organisation Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (JP NIO Službeni list BiH) The Constitutional Court recalls that the Parliamentary Assembly, at the session of the House of Representatives held on 6 June 2001, and at the session of the House of Peoples held on 23 May 2001, adopted the Law on the Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina. [...] The Law on the Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina was published in the "Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina" No. 19/01 of 3 August 2001.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Public Enterprise Newspaper and Publishing Organisation Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (JP NIO Službeni list BiH) Thereafter, the Presidency, at the session held on 12 October 2001, adopted the Decision on Confirming the Appearance and Form of the Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- parlament.ba ↗ - the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- sluzbenilist.ba ↗ - the Public Enterprise Newspaper and Publishing Organisation Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (JP NIO Službeni list BiH)
- ohr.int ↗ - the Office of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National anthem
- Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine
- Title (in Bosnian, Latin script)
- Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine
- Title (in Bosnian, Cyrillic script)
- Државна химна Босне и Херцеговине
- Title (in English, translated)
- The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The anthem is officially without lyrics.
Source: - Citizens
- Bosnians, Herzegovinians
- Official name:Art. 1 - Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina ↗ - Costitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- National flag:parlament.ba ↗ - the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National flag:sluzbenilist.ba ↗ - the Public Enterprise Newspaper and Publishing Organisation Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (JP NIO Službeni list BiH)
- National flag:ohr.int ↗ - the Office of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia
- Total area
- 51,197 km²
- Land area
- 51,187 km²
- Water area
- 10 km²
- Land borders
- 1,543 km(3 countries)
- Croatia
- 956 km
- Serbia
- 345 km
- Montenegro
- 242 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Coastline
- 20 km
- Terrain
Mountains and valleys - Mean elevation
- 500 m
- Highest point
- 2,386 mMaglic
- Lowest point
- 0 mAdriatic Sea
- Climate
Hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast - Avg. temperature
- 10.3 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 5.6 to 15.1 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 1,228 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 3.8 0.2 −3.3 93 February 5.6 1.4 −2.8 95 March 10.1 5.3 0.6 101 April 14.9 9.8 4.7 112 May 19.4 14.3 9 119 June 23.3 18.2 12.7 100 July 25.6 20.1 14.5 86 August 26.1 20.2 14.6 75 September 20.8 15.3 10.4 103 October 16 10.9 6.3 106 November 10.1 6 2.3 123 December 4.6 1.3 −2 116 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable7.2%Perm. crops1.4%Pasture12.8%Forest42.2%Other36.1%
- Arable land
- 370,000 hectares (7.2%)
- Permanent crops
- 74,000 hectares (1.4%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 656,000 hectares (12.8%)
- Forest
- 2,160,000 hectares (42.2%)
- Other land
- 1,847,000 hectares (36.1%)
Source: - Natural hazards2026
- Earthquakes6.0High#56/191River floods5.9High#75/191Drought3.0Low#99/191Epidemics2.5Very low#171/191Tsunamis0.3Very low#100/191Tropical cyclones0.0Very lowCoastal floods0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- −0.82% per year−25,854 people/yearWorld Rank223rdof 237
- Birth rate
- 7.7 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 13.7 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −2.4 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 46.1 yearsWorld Rank18thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years12.7%15-64 years63.8%65 years +23.5%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 23.5%
- Share aged under 18
- 15.7%
- Total dependency ratio
- 57
- Youth dependency ratio
- 20
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 37
- Sex ratio
- 0.91 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 1.3% 3.9% 70-79 4.4% 6.4% 60-69 7.0% 8.3% 50-59 6.8% 7.3% 40-49 7.6% 7.6% 30-39 5.7% 5.1% 20-29 5.7% 5.2% 10-19 5.0% 4.6% 0-9 4.2% 4.0% - 2026
- 0.60 below the replacement level for Bosnia and Herzegovina ()1.50 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank168thof 237
- 0.72 daughters per woman0.28 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- −6.0 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 6.0 more deaths than births a year
- 2026
- −2.4 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 53.3% live in 1,659,049 urban residents
- Largest cities2013latest available
- Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Tuzla, ZenicaRankCity or SettlementPopulation (2013 census)1Sarajevo348,3632Banja Luka135,0593Tuzla74,4574Zenica70,5535Mostar60,1956Bijeljina41,1217Brčko39,8938Bihać39,6909Prijedor27,97010Doboj24,349Source:
- Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (2013 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- The northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated.
- Ethnic groups2013
- Republika Srpska authorities dispute the census methodology and results.Bosniak50.1%Serb30.8%Croat15.4%Other2.7%Unspecified1.0%
Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term, in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim, an adherent of Islam.
Source:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Religions2013
- Muslim50.7%Orthodox30.7%Roman Catholic15.2%Atheist0.8%Agnostic0.3%Other1.2%Unspecified1.1%
- Languages
- Serbian (Српски), Bosnian (Bosanski), Croatian (Hrvatski)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (2013 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe head of state is a three-member Presidency: a Bosniac and a Croat directly elected from the Federation and a Serb from the Republika Srpska; the Constitution renames "The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" as "Bosnia and Herzegovina" (Arts. I, V).
- System of government
- Semi-presidentialThe Presidency nominates the Chair of the Council of Ministers, who with the ministers takes office on approval by the House of Representatives; the Council reports to the Parliamentary Assembly, and the Presidency may dissolve only the House of Peoples (Arts. IV.3(g), V.4).
- Territorial organisation
- Federal
- Official websites
- Government (in Croatian)
- Presidency
- Parliament
- Capital
- Sarajevo275,524 people(2013)
- National holidays
- 10 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- FriJan 2New Year's Day
- WedJan 7Orthodox Christmas Day
- FriMar 20Eid al-Fitr (estimated)
- MonApr 6Catholic Easter Monday
- FriApr 10Orthodox Good Friday
- FriMay 1International Labor Day
- SatMay 2International Labor Day
- WedMay 27Eid al-Adha (estimated)
- FriDec 25Catholic Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- Currency
- Bosnia-Herzegovina Convertible Mark (BAM)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +387
- Internet TLD
- .ba
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- BA, BIH
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 5,375 by the country's airlines(2019)
- Heliports
- 3
- Aircraft departures
- 108 by the country's airlines(2019)
- Air freight
- 0 million tonne-km(2019)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- T9
Sources:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- 2025
- 34 / 100World Rank109thof 182
Significant declinerDown 8 points since 2012, when it scored 42.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 42 38 46 2013 42 37 47 2014 39 37 41 2015 38 35 41 2016 39 37 42 2017 38 34 42 2018 38 35 41 2019 36 32.8 39.2 2020 35 31.9 38.1 2021 35 32 38 2022 34 30.4 37.6 2023 35 31.8 38.2 2024 33 29.6 36.4 2025 34 29.7 38.3 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine (Aneks 4. Općeg okvirnog sporazuma za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini), with Amendment I ↗ - Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +2.3% per yearWorld Rank119thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $10,845 (91st in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services57.7% of GDPIndustry21.5% of GDPAgriculture4.4% of GDPManufacturing12%part of industry
- Households
- +68.9%
- Government
- +19.6%
- Investment
- +27.4%
- Exports
- +40.7%
- Imports
- −54.1%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useThe five add up to 102.5% of GDP, not 100. The gap is in the source data.
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 5%up 1 percentage points1pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 1.4 million (43% of population)World Rank139thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 49.2% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 10.7%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 27.3% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $25.4 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 4.2% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 4.9% of GDP, $1.8 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt32.8% of GDPInterest on debt1% of GDPCentral government debt32.8% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$9.5 billion70.8%
- Services$3.9 billion29.2%
- Total exports
- $13.4 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 10.8 percent on the previous year10.8%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- 2024
- +0.68World Rank44thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +2.5% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Plums and sloes, Pears, Apples, and 7 more
- 1Plums and sloes71.3×
- 2Pears8.6×
- 3Apples5.5×
- 4Oats5.1×
- 5Chillies and peppers (green)3.6×
- 6Potatoes2.8×
- 7Raw milk of cattle2.1×
- 8Maize (corn)1.8×
- 9Meat of chickens (fresh or chilled)1.7×
- 10Barley1.5×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2024
- 3.5 tonnesWorth $292.2 million, 3% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- BAM 1,734 per month$999 (USD), $2,254 (PPP)
- Median
- BAM 2,000 per month($1,152)
- Men
- BAM 1,769 per month($1,019)
- Women
- BAM 1,678 per month($967)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- BAM 626 per month, gross$346 (USD), $850 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.804Very highWorld Rank74thof 193Bosnia and HerzegovinaWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Bosnia and Herzegovina World 2000 0.674 0.651 2001 0.677 0.657 2002 0.683 0.662 2003 0.689 0.669 2004 0.694 0.675 2005 0.698 0.681 2006 0.701 0.688 2007 0.709 0.694 2008 0.719 0.698 2009 0.722 0.701 2010 0.725 0.707 2011 0.731 0.713 2012 0.742 0.717 2013 0.756 0.721 2014 0.765 0.726 2015 0.769 0.731 2016 0.776 0.735 2017 0.780 0.739 2018 0.785 0.741 2019 0.788 0.745 2020 0.783 0.742 2021 0.783 0.742 2022 0.799 0.752 2023 0.804 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2021
- 30.3
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 11 years
- Expected for a child today
- 13.2 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2013
- 97% of adults
- Education expenditure2021
- 4.1% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 10.2%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 86.1% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 84.2%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 3.8 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 583,045
- Fixed broadband
- 29.4 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 14% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 65%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 77%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 62%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 532 people
- Asylum seekers
- 178
- Stateless persons
- 12
- Internally displaced persons
- 95,000All due to conflicts
- Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina abroad
- 25,779
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2024
- 1.4 million arrivalsup 16% against 201916% above 2019World Rank78thof 139
- Per resident
- 4.4 arrivals per 10 residents
- $2 billion
- Spending per arrival
- $1,457
- Domestic trips
- 559,000 overnight trips by residents
- $643.5 million
- Hotel beds
- 41,911
- Average hotel stay
- 2 nights
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 5 sites3 cultural2 natural
Site Type Old Bridge Area of Mostar Cultural Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad Cultural Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards Cultural Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe - Janj Forest Natural Vjetrenica Cave, Ravno Natural Source:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2024
- Very low by global standards1 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank80thof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 1.0 31 2024 Serious assault 24.9 793 2023 Sexual violence 6.2 197 2023 Kidnapping 0.9 30 2023 Burglary 119.2 3,820 2022 Theft 96.3 3,087 2022 Vehicle theft 6.5 207 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 109.8 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 3,498
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 78.4 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 8.9% of GDP$773 per person
- Physicians2019
- 2.58 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2019
- 2.4 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 4.5 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 6 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 6.3 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2015latest available
- 40% of adults
- Men
- 48%
- Women
- 32%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 7.1% of household spendingWorld Rank7thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 13.5 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 20.4 Mt per yeardown 2 percent on the previous year2% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 5.9 t per personWorld Rank47thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.05%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 5.36 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 1.15 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0.71 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 27.6 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 23.2 µg/m³ of PM2.51.8 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted45thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 20 µg/m³
- Life expectancy gain if the national standard were met
- 0.3 years
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- air pollution
- deforestation and illegal logging
- inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities
- urban waste disposal
- uncleared land mines from the 1990s
Source:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- International agreements
- 16 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 74 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2017 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 2000 Kyoto Protocol in force 2007 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1993 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1993 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 2002 CITES in force 2009 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 2017 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2009 Nagoya Protocol not a party Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1992 World Heritage Convention in force 1993 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 2002 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 2001 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2007 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2010 Minamata Convention on Mercury not a party Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1994 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) not a party MARPOL 73/78 not a party Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 0.1% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 38 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 11,701 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 5% originates outside the country
- Water stress
- 2% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 2.8% of the population100,000 people
- Obesity2024
- 21% of adults
- Men
- 21.7%
- Women
- 19.9%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2012
- 1.6% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 99.6 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.05%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 70% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Net exporter, net 2.5 TWh in 2024, 20% of consumption16 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 16 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 12 TWh per year
- Imports
- 4.7 TWh per year
- Exports
- 7.2 TWh per year
- Net
- +2.5 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- No meaningful productionproduces under 2% of what it consumes, 2024Imports201813,900 b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.7% of GDP$216 million, 1.7% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 10,000active duty Armed Forces
- Military service2025
- Voluntaryno conscription since January 2006; ages 18–27
As of 2024, women made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel.
Source:- The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service:The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
