National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Panama
- Official name (in Spanish)
- República de Panamá
- Name etymology
origin is unclear; may come from a Guarani word meaning "place of many fish"
Sources:- Political Constitution of the Republic of Panama ↗ - Public Ministry Office of the Attorney General of the Nation
- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
Translated from the National Assembly of Panama The National Flag, [...] consists of a rectangle quartered as follows: the first upper quarter, near the staff, white in colour with a blue five-pointed star in its centre, pointing upward; the second upper quarter, next to the one already described, red in colour; the first lower quarter, near the staff, blue in colour; and the second lower quarter, next to this one, white in colour with a red five-pointed star in its centre, pointing upward.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Assembly of Panama The National Flag is rectangular in shape, with a proportion of one unit of measure in height by one and a half units of measure in length
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the National Assembly of Panama Article 6. The colours and elements of the National Flag have the following meaning: blue represents the Conservative Party, red represents the Liberal Party, and white represents the field of peace in which to build the homeland in the new Nation. The blue star symbolizes the purity and honesty that are to govern the civic life of the homeland, and the red star symbolizes the authority and the law that are to impose the rule of these virtues.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ministry of Government of Panama The Panamanian flag was designed by Manuel E. Amador Terreros and presented to his father, Manuel Amador Guerrero, on 1 November 1903, who authorizes it, who asks his wife María to make it; María Ossa de Amador buys the fabrics; with the help of her sister-in-law Angélica Bergamotto de Ossa and the latter's stepdaughter, they sew two copies on 2 November. [...] It was presented for the first time on 3 November.
It was paraded through the streets on the 4th.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ministry of Government of Panama It was not honourable for the canton of a political party to be in the place of honour of flags. For this reason its author altered the original design, before the end of November, to the one we know today.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ministry of Government of Panama a massive, imposing, formal, protocol-bound ceremony was organized so that on 20 December 1903 the national emblem would be baptized, and, not content with that, so that allegiance would be sworn before it for the first time.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- s3-legispan.asamblea.gob.pa ↗ - the National Assembly of Panama
- mingob.gob.pa ↗ - the Ministry of Government of Panama
- mingob.gob.pa ↗ - the Ministry of Government of Panama
- National anthem
- Himno Istemño1:50
- Title (in Spanish)
- Himno Istemño
- Title (in English, translated)
- Isthmus Hymn
- Lyrics
ChorusAlcanzamos por fin la victoria En el campo feliz de la unión; Con ardientes fulgores de gloria Se ilumina la nueva nación.
1Es preciso cubrir con un velo Del pasado el calvario y la cruz; Y que adorne el azul de tu cielo De concordia la espléndida luz.
El progreso acaricia tus lares. Al compás de sublime canción, Ves rugir a tus pies ambos mares Quedan rumbo a tu noble misión.
Alcanzamos por fin la victoria2En tu suelo cubierto de flores A los besos del tibio terral, Terminaron guerreros fragores; Sólo reina el amor fraternal.
Adelante la pica y la pala, Al trabajo sin más dilación, Y seremos así prez y gala De este mundo feraz de Colón.
Alcanzamos por fin la victoriaSource: - Citizens
- Panamanians
- Official name:Political Constitution of the Republic of Panama ↗ - Public Ministry Office of the Attorney General of the Nation
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- National flag:s3-legispan.asamblea.gob.pa ↗ - the National Assembly of Panama
- National flag:mingob.gob.pa ↗ - the Ministry of Government of Panama
- National flag:mingob.gob.pa ↗ - the Ministry of Government of Panama
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica
- Total area
- 75,420 km²
- Land area
- 74,340 km²
- Water area
- 1,080 km²
- Land borders
- 687 km(2 countries)
- Costa Rica
- 348 km
- Colombia
- 339 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Coastline
- 2,490 km
- Terrain
Interior mostly steep, rugged mountains with dissected, upland plains; coastal plains with rolling hills - Mean elevation
- 360 m
- Highest point
- 3,475 mVolcan Baru
- Lowest point
- 0 mPacific Ocean
- Climate
Tropical maritime hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) - Avg. temperature
- 25 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 22.6 to 28.4 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 3,150 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 28.2 24.7 22 89 February 28.6 25 22.1 68 March 29.1 25.3 22.4 80 April 29.2 25.6 22.9 161 May 28.7 25.4 23.2 343 June 28.5 25.2 23.1 352 July 28.4 25 22.9 354 August 28.4 25 22.9 366 September 28.3 24.9 22.8 357 October 28 24.7 22.6 405 November 27.7 24.5 22.5 377 December 28 24.6 22.3 197 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable7.6%Perm. crops1.6%Pasture20.3%Forest62.3%Other8.2%
- Arable land
- 565,000 hectares (7.6%)
- Permanent crops
- 115,966 hectares (1.6%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 1,509,000 hectares (20.3%)
- Forest
- 4,620,638 hectares (62.3%)
- Other land
- 607,396 hectares (8.2%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Laguna de Chiriqui900 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- Tsunamis8.6Very high#9/191Earthquakes7.8Very high#32/191Epidemics6.1High#53/191Coastal floods5.9High#42/191Drought1.2Very low#149/191River floods0.2Very low#153/191Tropical cyclones0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +1.19% per year+54,529 people/yearWorld Rank85thof 237
- Birth rate
- 15.5 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 5.0 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- +1.2 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 30.6 yearsWorld Rank131stof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years24.1%15-64 years65.9%65 years +10.0%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 10.0%
- Share aged under 18
- 29.0%
- Total dependency ratio
- 52
- Youth dependency ratio
- 37
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 15
- Sex ratio
- 1 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.8% 1.3% 70-79 2.0% 2.4% 60-69 3.8% 4.0% 50-59 5.4% 5.5% 40-49 6.4% 6.4% 30-39 7.3% 7.2% 20-29 7.9% 7.6% 10-19 8.4% 8.0% 0-9 8.1% 7.7% - 2026
- 0.03 below the replacement level for Panama ()2.07 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank105thof 237
- 0.99 daughters per woman0.01 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +10.5 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 10.5 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- +1.2 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 66.3% live in cities3,068,402 urban residents
- Largest urban places2023
- Panama City, La Chorrera, Colón, Vista AlegreRankUrban PlacePopulation (2023 census)1Panama City1,132,9692La Chorrera205,9593Colón159,1574Vista Alegre128,9735David103,9156Arraiján84,5247Nueva Esperanza62,3008Chitré57,4129Las Garzas55,03110Santiago de Veraguas51,339Source:
- National Institute of Statistics and Census, Panama (2023 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Population is concentrated towards the center of the country, particularly around the Canal, but a sizeable segment of the populace also lives in the far west around David; the eastern third of the country is sparsely inhabited.
- Ethnic groups2010
- Mestizo65.0%Indigenous12.3%Black or African descent9.2%Mulatto6.8%White6.7%
- Indigenous
- 12.3%
- Ngabe
- 7.6%
- Kuna
- 2.4%
- Embera
- 0.9%
- Bugle
- 0.8%
- Other
- 0.4%
- Unspecified
- 0.2%
Mestizo denotes mixed Indigenous and White ancestry.
Source:- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Religions2023
- Evangelical55.0%Roman Catholic33.4%None10.1%Unspecified1.5%
- Languages
- Spanish (Español)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:National Institute of Statistics and Census, Panama (2023 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of the Republic is elected with a Vice-President by direct popular suffrage and majority vote for five years; the Constitution calls the Government "unitary, republican, democratic and representative" (Arts. 1, 177).
- System of government
- PresidentialThe President appoints and removes Ministers of State freely, with no prime minister; the National Assembly may censure ministers for wrongdoing without removing them, and the Executive has no power to dissolve the Assembly (Arts. 2, 161, 183, 194).
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government (in Spanish)
- President (in Spanish)
- Capital
- Panama City1.1 million people(2023)
- National holidays
- 13 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- FriJan 9Martyrs' Day
- TueFeb 17Carnival Tuesday
- FriApr 3Good Friday
- FriMay 1Labor Day
- TueNov 3Separation Day
- ThuNov 5Colon Day
- TueNov 10Los Santos Uprising Day
- SatNov 28Independence Day
- TueDec 8Mother's Day
- SunDec 20National Mourning Day
- MonDec 21National Mourning Day (observed)
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- ESTEastern Standard TimeUTC−5
- Currencies
- Panamanian Balboa (PAB)US Dollar (USD)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information (in Spanish)
- Calling code
- +507
- Internet TLD
- .pa
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- PA, PAN
- Infrastructure
- Railways77 km
- Passengers carried
- 15,750,293 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 1
- Aircraft departures
- 123,804 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 143.7 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- HP
Sources:- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Copa AirlinesPrivately owned (Copa Holdings)
- 2025
- 33 / 100World Rank116thof 182Confidence interval
Corruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 38 33 44 2013 35 31 39 2014 37 31 43 2015 39 34 44 2016 38 34 42 2017 37 34 40 2018 37 34 40 2019 36 33.7 38.3 2020 35 33.7 36.3 2021 36 34.3 37.7 2022 36 34.2 37.8 2023 35 33.1 36.9 2024 33 30.6 35.4 2025 33 30.5 35.5 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Constitución Política de la República de Panamá, Texto Único, Gaceta Oficial No. 25176 de 15 de noviembre de 2004, as amended to Acto Legislativo No. 1 de 2004 ↗ - National Assembly of Panama
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- High income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +5% per yearWorld Rank34thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $20,877 (64th in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services70% of GDPIndustry24.9% of GDPAgriculture2.6% of GDPManufacturing4.8%part of industry
- Households
- +49%
- Government
- +12.4%
- Investment
- +33.5%
- Exports
- +44.4%
- Imports
- −39.3%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 1.8%up 2 percentage points2pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 2.2 million (50% of population)World Rank124thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 66.3% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 8.5%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 19.7% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $42.6 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 3.4% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 1.5% of GDP, $1.4 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt56.6% of GDPInterest on debt2.9% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$18.6 billion48%
- Services$20.2 billion52%
- Total exports
- $38.8 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 3.4 percent on the previous year3.4%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- 2024
- +0.36World Rank60thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +2.5% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Plantains and cooking bananas, Pineapples, Bananas, and 7 more
- 1Plantains and cooking bananas13.2×
- 2Pineapples11.6×
- 3Bananas7.6×
- 4Meat of chickens (fresh or chilled)4.2×
- 5Meat of cattle with the bone (fresh or chilled)2.8×
- 6Sugar cane2.6×
- 7Oranges1.7×
- 8Oil palm fruit1.7×
- 9Rice1.2×
- 10Raw milk of cattle0.6×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Industries
- construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- PAB 929 per month$929 (USD), $1,869 (PPP)
- Median
- PAB 700 per month($700)
- Men
- PAB 900 per month($900)
- Women
- PAB 963 per month($963)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- PAB 482 per month, gross$482 (USD), $943 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.839Very highWorld Rank59thof 193PanamaWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Panama World 1990 0.672 0.608 1991 0.674 0.611 1992 0.680 0.614 1993 0.686 0.617 1994 0.688 0.620 1995 0.690 0.625 1996 0.694 0.631 1997 0.701 0.636 1998 0.707 0.641 1999 0.712 0.646 2000 0.718 0.651 2001 0.723 0.657 2002 0.730 0.662 2003 0.735 0.669 2004 0.741 0.675 2005 0.746 0.681 2006 0.753 0.688 2007 0.763 0.694 2008 0.767 0.698 2009 0.770 0.701 2010 0.775 0.707 2011 0.781 0.713 2012 0.798 0.717 2013 0.799 0.721 2014 0.798 0.726 2015 0.803 0.731 2016 0.810 0.735 2017 0.815 0.739 2018 0.820 0.741 2019 0.824 0.745 2020 0.808 0.742 2021 0.819 0.742 2022 0.835 0.752 2023 0.839 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2024
- 49.7
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 10.8 years
- Expected for a child today
- 13.3 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2024
- 96.2% of adults
- Education expenditure2023
- 2.5% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 11.5%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2023
- 68.5% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 76.5%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2023
- 7 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 774,060
- Fixed broadband
- 18.1 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 13% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 49%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 64%
- Mobile-money account
- 38%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 52%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 2,658 people
- Asylum seekers
- 8,143
- Stateless persons
- 976
- Internally displaced persons
- 29(2019, latest available)All due to disasters
- Refugees from Panama abroad
- 338
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2022
- Official tourism site1.5 million arrivalsdown 15% against 201915% below 2019World Rank75thof 139
- Per resident
- 3.4 arrivals per 10 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 298,000 arrivals
- $9.1 billion(2024)
- 10.8% tourism direct GDP(2023)
- Residents' trips abroad
- 851,000 overnight trips
- $1.4 billion(2024)
- Hotel beds
- 71,120(2020, latest available)
- Average hotel stay
- 4.5 nights(2020, latest available)
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2022A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 6 sites3 cultural3 natural
Site Type Caribbean Fortifications Cultural Darien National Park Natural Talamanca Range-La Amistad National Park Natural Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá Cultural Coiba National Park Natural The Colonial Transisthmian Route of Panamá Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Low3.9 out of 10International displacementSeverity by monthSep 2024 to Aug 2026What the score is made ofImpact of the crisis5.3Conditions of people affected2.7Complexity of the crisis4.3
Data reliability as rated by INFORM: Very high. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2024
- High by global standards12.8 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank18thof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 12.8 577 2024 Serious assault 103.3 4,608 2023 Sexual violence 140.4 6,261 2023 Kidnapping 0.2 9 2023 Burglary 116.4 4,996 2020 Theft 330.4 14,538 2022 Vehicle theft 20.5 902 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 536.7 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 23,931
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 80.1 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 8.3% of GDP$1,558 per person
- Physicians2022
- 1.63 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2023
- 2 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 9.7 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 37 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 6.3 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2015latest available
- 7.1% of adults
- Men
- 11.5%
- Women
- 2.6%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 1.6% of household spendingWorld Rank81stof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 13.9 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 12.4 Mt per yeardown 2.9 percent on the previous year2.9% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 2.7 t per personWorld Rank104thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.03%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 4.82 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 1.05 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0.99 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 19.2 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 11 µg/m³ of PM2.50.6 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted127thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 15 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- water pollution from agricultural runoff
- deforestation of tropical rainforest
- land degradation and soil erosion in Panama Canal
- air pollution in urban areas
- effects of mining
Source:- The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- International agreements
- 20 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 106 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1995 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1989 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1989 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1995 CITES in force 1978 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 1989 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2003 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1990 World Heritage Convention in force 1978 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1996 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1992 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2004 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1996 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 1985 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 5.3% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 139 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 31,654 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 2% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 1.2 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 37%
- Water stress
- 1% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 5.1% of the population200,000 people
- Obesity2024
- 37.7% of adults
- Men
- 30.3%
- Women
- 45%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2019
- 2.9% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 83.2 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.06%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 8.8% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Net exporter, net 0.1 TWh in 2024, 1.1% of consumption13 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 13 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 12 TWh per year
- Imports
- 0.1 TWh per year
- Exports
- 0.3 TWh per year
- Net
- +0.1 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Production endedlast produced in 2016Consumption2024135,002 b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
Defense
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 30,000Ministry of Public Security personnel
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military personnel:The World Factbook: Panama - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
