North Macedonia

Official name (in Macedonian)

Република Северна Македонија

Official name (in Macedonian, Romanized)

Republika Severna Makedonija

Official name (in Albanian)

Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut

Name etymology

the name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.), whose name origin is unclear; it may derive from the mythological Macedon, the son of the Greek god Zeus; alternatively, it may come from the Greek word makednos, meaning "tail," or the Illyrian word maketia, meaning "cattle"

DesignMeaningHistory

symbolizes a sun with eight rays on a red background. From the center of the red background, the golden sun is spreading with eight rays, which extend from the solar disk by extension to the edges of the flag. The sun’s rays cross the diagonal, horizontally and vertically. The center of the sun coincides with the point at which the diagonals of the flag meet. The ratio of the width and length of the flag is 1:2.

As published in English

Title (in Macedonian)

Денес Над Македонија

Title (in Macedonian, Romanized)

Denes Nad Makedonija

Title (in English, translated)

Today Over Macedonia

Lyrics

MacedonianRomanizedEnglish

1

Денес над Македонија се раѓа ново сонце на слободата Македонците се борат за своите правдини! Македонците се борат за своите правдини!

2

Одново сега знамето се вее на Крушевската Република Гоце Делчев, Питу Гули Даме Груев, Сандански! Гоце Делчев, Питу Гули Даме Груев, Сандански!

3

Горите Македонски шумно пеат нови песни, нови весници Македонија слободна слободна живее! Македонија слободна слободна живее!

Land area

25,433 km²

Water area

280 km²

Greece

234 km

Albania

181 km

Bulgaria

162 km

Kosovo

160 km

Serbia

101 km

Avg. temperature

11.3 °C

Avg. daily range

6 to 16.5 °C

Annual precipitation

734 mm

Temperature °CMeanDaily range

°C°F

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Precipitation mm

Monthly climate normals

Month	Avg. high, °C	Mean, °C	Avg. low, °C	Precipitation, mm
January	4.2	0.2	−3.8	60
February	6.7	2.2	−2.2	57
March	11	6	1	71
April	15.8	10.4	4.9	75
May	20.8	15.3	9.4	77
June	25.5	19.6	13.2	57
July	28.2	22	15.3	43
August	28.6	22	15.6	39
September	23.2	17.2	11.5	50
October	17.5	12	7	63
November	10.9	6.4	2.2	69
December	5.3	1.6	−1.9	73

Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.

Arable land

416,000 hectares (16.5%)

Permanent crops

40,000 hectares (1.6%)

Permanent meadows & pastures

795,000 hectares (31.5%)

Forest

1,032,588 hectares (40.9%)

Other land

238,412 hectares (9.5%)

Birth rate

8.9 per 1,000 population

Death rate

11.3 per 1,000 population

Net migration rate

−3.2 per 1,000 population

MaleAgeFemale

80+70-7960-6950-5940-4930-3920-2910-190-9

% of total population

Population by age group, % of total population

Age	Male	Female
80+	1.2%	2.2%
70-79	4.1%	5.2%
60-69	6.2%	6.8%
50-59	6.6%	7.0%
40-49	7.0%	7.1%
30-39	6.7%	6.5%
20-29	5.8%	5.6%
10-19	6.0%	5.9%
0-9	5.3%	4.9%

Share aged 65 and over

19.0%

Share aged under 18

19.8%

Total dependency ratio

54

Youth dependency ratio

25

Elderly dependency ratio

29

Sex ratio

0.95 male / female

Figures represent the total resident population.

Atheist, Catholic, other religions, not specified, and Protestant each account for less than 1%.

The President of the Republic is elected in general and direct elections by secret ballot for five years, at most twice; the name in the Constitution is "Republic of North Macedonia" (Arts. 80, 81; Amendment XXXIII).

Although often described as parliamentary, North Macedonia is classified as semi-presidential because it combines a directly elected President with a Government that the Assembly elects and can force to resign by a no-confidence vote (Arts. 90, 92).

1. ThuJan 1New Year's Day
2. WedJan 7Christmas Day
3. FriMar 20Eid al-Fitr (estimated)
4. MonApr 13Easter Monday
5. FriMay 1Labor Day
6. SunMay 24Saints Cyril and Methodius Day
7. MonMay 25Saints Cyril and Methodius Day (observed)
8. SunAug 2Republic Day
9. MonAug 3Republic Day (observed)
10. TueSep 8Independence Day
11. SunOct 11National Uprising Day
12. MonOct 12National Uprising Day (observed)
13. FriOct 23Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle Day
14. TueDec 8Saint Clement of Ohrid Day

Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.

World average 42

highly corruptvery clean

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Confidence interval

Corruption index score by year

Year	Score	Lower bound	Upper bound
2012	43	35	51
2013	44	36	52
2014	45	35	55
2015	42	33	51
2016	37	29	45
2017	35	28	42
2018	37	31	43
2019	35	29.2	40.8
2020	35	31	39
2021	39	36.3	41.7
2022	40	36.8	43.2
2023	42	37.3	46.7
2024	40	35.5	44.5
2025	40	36	44

GDP per capita (nominal)

$11,762 (86th in the world)

The shape of the economy

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GDP by end use

Households

+66.8%

Government

+15.5%

Investment

+30.6%

Exports

+61.7%

Imports

−74.6%

Current account

5.8% of GDP, $1.2 billion deficit

Projected GDP growth

+2% a year over the next 10 years

By specializationBy volume

ProductSpecialization index

1. 1Chillies and peppers (green)26.2×
2. 2Unmanufactured tobacco18.9×
3. 3Grapes12.8×
4. 4Raw milk of sheep12.4×
5. 5Plums and sloes10.7×
6. 6Cabbages10.3×
7. 7Apples6.2×
8. 8Watermelons6.2×
9. 9Barley4.8×
10. 10Onions and shallots (dry)3×

Men

MKD 31,766 per month($684)

Women

MKD 28,760 per month($619)

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North MacedoniaWorld

Human Development Index by year

Year	North Macedonia	World
1990	0.644	0.608
1991	0.647	0.611
1992	0.642	0.614
1993	0.647	0.617
1994	0.648	0.620
1995	0.653	0.625
1996	0.657	0.631
1997	0.661	0.636
1998	0.666	0.641
1999	0.675	0.646
2000	0.686	0.651
2001	0.691	0.657
2002	0.694	0.662
2003	0.700	0.669
2004	0.708	0.675
2005	0.717	0.681
2006	0.726	0.688
2007	0.732	0.694
2008	0.753	0.698
2009	0.757	0.701
2010	0.765	0.707
2011	0.771	0.713
2012	0.775	0.717
2013	0.782	0.721
2014	0.788	0.726
2015	0.795	0.731
2016	0.800	0.735
2017	0.807	0.739
2018	0.814	0.741
2019	0.805	0.745
2020	0.783	0.742
2021	0.781	0.742
2022	0.811	0.752
2023	0.815	0.756

Expected for a child today

14.8 years

Households with Internet access

90.8%

Fixed telephone lines

456,183

Fixed broadband

29.9 subscriptions per 100 people

Counts subscriptions, not people.

Debit-card ownership

75%

Account at a bank or mobile-money provider

84%

Made or received a digital payment

75%

Asylum seekers

25

Stateless persons

167

Internally displaced persons

110(2023)All due to conflicts

Refugees from the Republic of North Macedonia abroad

1,927

Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2024

Per resident

4.6 arrivals per 10 residents

Visitor spending in the country

$632.1 million

Spending per arrival

$761

Share of GDP

2.4% tourism direct GDP(2019, latest available)

Domestic trips

206,566 overnight trips by residents(2021, latest available)

Residents' trips abroad

260,883 overnight trips(2021, latest available)

Residents' spending abroad

$438 million

Hotel beds

24,880

Average hotel stay

1.8 nights

A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.

Site
Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians

A low figure can also mean weak recording.

Persons held

2,265

Men

43.6%

Women

35.5%

World median

3.1%

CO₂ per capita

3.5 t per person

World Rank89thof 207

Share of global CO₂

0.02%

Methane (CH₄)

1.35 Mt CO₂-eq

Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

0.37 Mt CO₂-eq

Fluorinated gases

0.8 Mt CO₂-eq

All greenhouse gases

9.81 Mt CO₂-eq

WHO guideline

5 µg/m³

Treaty	Standing	Joined
Climate
Paris Agreement	in force	2018
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change	in force	1998
Kyoto Protocol	in force	2005
Ozone layer
Montreal Protocol	in force	1994
Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer)	in force	1994
Biodiversity
Convention on Biological Diversity	in force	1998
CITES	in force	2000
Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn)	in force	1999
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety	in force	2005
Nagoya Protocol	not a party
Land and heritage
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands	in force	1991
World Heritage Convention	in force	1997
UN Convention to Combat Desertification	in force	2002
Chemicals and waste
Basel Convention	in force	1997
Rotterdam Convention (PIC)	in force	2010
Stockholm Convention (POPs)	in force	2004
Minamata Convention on Mercury	in force	2020
Oceans
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea	in force	1994
High Seas Treaty (BBNJ)	signed 2025, not ratified
MARPOL 73/78	not a party

Per person

3,478 m³ per year

Dependency ratio

16% originates outside the country

Annual water withdrawal

2.2 billion m³ per year

Withdrawn for agriculture

6%

Water stress

53% of available freshwater withdrawn

Men

27.5%

Women

25.9%

Per capita

56.1 GJ per person

Share of world total

0.02%

Supply

Deficitproduces 27% of what it consumes, 2024

OverviewBy source

Generation

6.2 TWh per year

Consumption

6.1 TWh per year

Imports

7.6 TWh per year

Exports

6.9 TWh per year

Net

−0.7 TWh per year

As of 2024, women made up about 10% of the military's full-time personnel.