National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Indonesia
- Official name (in Indonesian)
- Republik Indonesia
- Name etymology
the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"
Sources:- The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia ↗ - JDIH Legal Information and Documentation Network of the Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency
- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
Translated from the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (1) The National Flag Sang Merah Putih is rectangular in shape, with a width of 2/3 (two-thirds) of its length, and with the upper part coloured red and the lower part coloured white, both parts being of equal size.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia The colour red has long been known in the mythology, literature, and history of the Nusantara. This colour symbolises courage. [...] The colour white has long been known in the mythology, literature, and history of the Nusantara. This colour symbolises purity.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia Historical records reveal that the colours red and white were inspired by the colours of the banner or pataka flag of the Majapahit Kingdom in the 13th century. In the pararaton (book of kings), it is explained that the red and white flag was regarded as a symbol of the kingdom's grandeur, like the war flag used by Sisingamangaraja IX, a red flag with two twin swords Piso Gaja Dompak (heirlooms of Sisingamaharaja I-IX) coloured white. Even the Kingdom of Bone in South Sulawesi made the red and white flag, commonly called Woromporong, its symbol of the kingdom's power and grandeur.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia This story begins with Ibu Fatmawati, the first First Lady of the Republic of Indonesia. In her book of collected short notes entitled “Catatan Kecil Bersama Bung Karno, Bagian 1”, published by PT Delta Rohita in 1978, Ibu Fatmawati explained that the cloth for the Heirloom Flag was a gift from the Head of the Japanese Propaganda Corps, Hitoshi Shimizu, through a young man named Chairul Basri.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia In connection with the announcement by Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso on 7 September 1944 promising that Japan would grant independence to Indonesia at that time, two pieces of red and white cotton cloth of Japanese origin, given in October 1944, were then sewn with a hand sewing machine and turned into a flag.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (1) The National Flag that was flown at the Proclamation of Independence of the Indonesian Nation on 17 August 1945 at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Number 56, Jakarta, is called the Heirloom Flag Sang Saka Merah Putih. (2) The Heirloom Flag Sang Saka Merah Putih shall be stored and maintained at the National Monument, Jakarta.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia Since its first raising, 17 August has been commemorated as the Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia. The Ceremony of Raising and Lowering the Red and White Flag, led by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, was held at Merdeka Palace, Jakarta, using the Heirloom Flag. However, because of the fragility of the flag, since 1969 the flag raised at Merdeka Palace has been a duplicate.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- peraturan.bpk.go.id ↗ - the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia
- setneg.go.id ↗ - the Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia
- National anthem
- Indonesia Raya1:49
- Title (in Indonesian)
- Indonesia Raya
- Title (in English, translated)
- Great Indonesia
- Lyrics
Indonesia, tanah airku Tanah tumpah darahku Di sanalah aku berdiri Jadi pandu ibuku
Indonesia, kebangsaanku Bangsa dan tanah airku Marilah kita berseru “Indonesia bersatu!”
Hiduplah tanahku, hiduplah negeriku Bangsaku, rakyatku, semuanya Bangunlah jiwanya, bangunlah badannya Untuk Indonesia Raya
ChorusIndonesia Raya, merdeka, merdeka! Tanahku, negeriku yang kucinta Indonesia Raya, merdeka, merdeka! Hiduplah Indonesia Raya!
Indonesia Raya, merdeka, merdeka! Tanahku, negeriku yang kucinta Indonesia Raya, merdeka, merdeka! Hiduplah Indonesia Raya!
Source: - Citizens
- Indonesians
- Official name:The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia ↗ - JDIH Legal Information and Documentation Network of the Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- National flag:peraturan.bpk.go.id ↗ - the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia
- National flag:setneg.go.id ↗ - the Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
- Total area
- 1,904,569 km²
- Land area
- 1,811,569 km²
- Water area
- 93,000 km²
- Land borders
- 2,958 km(3 countries)
- Malaysia
- 1,881 km
- Papua New Guinea
- 824 km
- Timor-Leste
- 253 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Coastline
- 54,716 km
- Terrain
Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains - Mean elevation
- 367 m
- Highest point
- 4,884 mPuncak Jaya
- Lowest point
- 0 mIndian/Pacific Oceans
- Climate
Tropical hot, humid; more moderate in highlands - Avg. temperature
- 25.2 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 22.3 to 29.2 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 3,198 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 28.9 25 22.4 309 February 29.1 25.1 22.4 280 March 29.3 25.3 22.5 323 April 29.4 25.4 22.7 318 May 29.4 25.5 22.7 255 June 29 25.1 22.3 215 July 28.7 24.8 21.9 192 August 29 24.8 21.8 184 September 29.4 25.1 22 208 October 29.6 25.3 22.3 263 November 29.3 25.3 22.5 313 December 29 25.1 22.5 336 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable9.4%Perm. crops13.9%Pasture5.8%Forest50.6%Other20.3%
- Arable land
- 17,782,903 hectares (9.4%)
- Permanent crops
- 26,339,300 hectares (13.9%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 11,000,000 hectares (5.8%)
- Forest
- 95,806,340 hectares (50.6%)
- Other land
- 38,327,004 hectares (20.3%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Danau Toba1,150 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- Tsunamis9.3Very high#3/191Earthquakes8.9Very high#15/191River floods8.4Very high#14/191Coastal floods8.1Very high#13/191Epidemics7.4Very high#13/191Drought3.3Low#92/191Tropical cyclones1.6Very low#52/191
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major rivers, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +0.76% per year+2,165,546 people/yearWorld Rank118thof 237
- Birth rate
- 15.4 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 7.8 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −0.1 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 30.7 yearsWorld Rank130thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years23.9%15-64 years68.3%65 years +7.8%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 7.8%
- Share aged under 18
- 28.9%
- Total dependency ratio
- 46
- Youth dependency ratio
- 35
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 11
- Sex ratio
- 1.01 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.4% 0.7% 70-79 1.5% 1.9% 60-69 3.7% 4.0% 50-59 5.7% 5.8% 40-49 7.1% 6.9% 30-39 7.5% 7.2% 20-29 7.9% 7.5% 10-19 8.5% 8.1% 0-9 7.9% 7.5% - 2026
- 0.02 below the replacement level for Indonesia ()2.08 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank104thof 237
- 0.97 daughters per woman0.03 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +7.5 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 7.5 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −0.1 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 60.0% live in cities172,859,071 urban residents
- Largest cities2010latest available
- Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, BekasiRankCityPopulation (2010 census)1Jakarta9,607,7872Surabaya2,765,4873Bandung2,394,8734Bekasi2,334,8715Medan2,097,6106Tangerang1,798,6017Depok1,738,5708Semarang1,520,4819Palembang1,440,67810Makassar1,331,391Source:
- Statistics Indonesia (2010 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated.
- Ethnic groups2010
- Javanese40.1%Sundanese15.5%Malay3.7%Batak3.6%Madurese3.0%Betawi2.9%Minangkabau2.7%Buginese2.7%Bantenese2.0%Banjarese1.7%Balinese1.7%Acehnese1.4%Dayak1.4%Sasak1.3%Chinese1.2%Other15.0%
- Religions2022
- Muslim87.4%Protestant7.5%Roman Catholic3.1%Hindu1.7%Other0.8%
Other includes Buddhist and Confucian.
Source:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Languages
- Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Statistics Indonesia (2010 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President is elected directly by the people on a single ticket with the Vice-President; the Constitution calls Indonesia "a unitary state in the form of a Republic" (Arts. 1, 6A).
- System of government
- PresidentialThe President holds governmental power and appoints and dismisses ministers; he can be removed only by the People's Consultative Assembly on enumerated legal grounds, and may not freeze or dissolve the House of Representatives (Arts. 4, 7A, 7C, 17).
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government (in Indonesian)
- President (in Indonesian)
- Parliament (in Indonesian, English available)
- Capital
- Jakarta10.6 million people(2020)
- National holidays
- 17 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- FriJan 16Isra' and Mi'raj
- TueFeb 17Lunar New Year
- ThuMar 19Day of Silence
- SatMar 21Eid al-Fitr
- SunMar 22Eid al-Fitr Second Day
- FriApr 3Good Friday
- SunApr 5Easter Sunday
- FriMay 1International Labor Day
- ThuMay 14Ascension Day
- WedMay 27Eid al-Adha
- SunMay 31Vesak Day
- MonJun 1Pancasila Day
- TueJun 16Islamic New Year
- MonAug 17Independence Day
- TueAug 25Prophet's Birthday
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- WIBWestern Indonesia TimeUTC+7
Indonesia spans multiple time zones, the capital's is shown here. All 3 time zones
- Currency
- Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +62
- Internet TLD
- .id
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- ID, IDN
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 97,045,785 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 53
- Aircraft departures
- 736,333 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 870.5 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- PK
Sources:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Garuda IndonesiaState-owned
- Passenger rail
- Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI)
- 2025
- 34 / 100World Rank109thof 182Confidence interval
Corruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 32 27 37 2013 32 26 38 2014 34 28 40 2015 36 30 42 2016 37 33 41 2017 37 32 42 2018 38 33 43 2019 40 33.8 46.2 2020 37 34.2 39.8 2021 38 34.5 41.5 2022 34 31.1 36.9 2023 34 31 37 2024 37 33.5 40.5 2025 34 30.2 37.8 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, naskah setelah Perubahan Pertama sampai Keempat, 2020 ↗ - Secretariat General of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR RI)
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +5.1% per yearWorld Rank30thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $5,153 (125th in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services43.9% of GDPIndustry38.7% of GDPAgriculture13.1% of GDPManufacturing19.1%part of industry
- Households
- +55.2%
- Government
- +7.5%
- Investment
- +30.6%
- Exports
- +22.8%
- Imports
- −20.5%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useThe five add up to 95.7% of GDP, not 100. The gap is in the source data.
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 3.3%up 1.4 percentage points1.4pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 145.2 million (51% of population)World Rank4thof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 67.9% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 3.3%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 13.1% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $15 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 2.9% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 1.6% of GDP, $23.5 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt40.2% of GDPHousehold debt16.2% of GDPCompany debt22% of GDPInterest on debt2.2% of GDPCentral government debt39.2% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$280.4 billion86.8%
- Services$42.5 billion13.2%
- Total exports
- $323 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 6.9 percent on the previous year6.9%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- 2024
- +0.23World Rank69thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +4.3% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Oil palm fruit, Coconuts (in shell), Hen eggs in shell (fresh), and 5 more
- 1Oil palm fruit15×
- 2Coconuts (in shell)7.1×
- 3Hen eggs in shell (fresh)1.8×
- 4Bananas1.7×
- 5Rice1.7×
- 6Cassava (fresh)1.2×
- 7Sugar cane0.4×
- 8Maize (corn)0.3×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 85.5 tonnesWorth $12 billion, 8% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2023
- IDR 2,778,129 per month$182 (USD), $540 (PPP)
- Median
- IDR 2,246,118 per month($147)
- Men
- IDR 3,008,012 per month($197)
- Women
- IDR 2,311,199 per month($152)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- IDR 5,067,381 per month, gross$320 (USD), $993 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.728HighWorld Rank113thof 193IndonesiaWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Indonesia World 1990 0.531 0.608 1991 0.538 0.611 1992 0.545 0.614 1993 0.555 0.617 1994 0.565 0.620 1995 0.575 0.625 1996 0.585 0.631 1997 0.595 0.636 1998 0.591 0.641 1999 0.595 0.646 2000 0.600 0.651 2001 0.608 0.657 2002 0.617 0.662 2003 0.625 0.669 2004 0.624 0.675 2005 0.638 0.681 2006 0.646 0.688 2007 0.649 0.694 2008 0.653 0.698 2009 0.663 0.701 2010 0.670 0.707 2011 0.678 0.713 2012 0.686 0.717 2013 0.690 0.721 2014 0.693 0.726 2015 0.701 0.731 2016 0.705 0.735 2017 0.712 0.739 2018 0.715 0.741 2019 0.714 0.745 2020 0.710 0.742 2021 0.707 0.742 2022 0.726 0.752 2023 0.728 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2025
- 34.4
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 8.7 years
- Expected for a child today
- 13.3 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2020
- 96% of adults
- Education expenditure2022
- 0.9% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 8.7%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 72.8% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 89.8%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 347.3 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 4,654,709
- Fixed broadband
- 4.9 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2024
- 6% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 41%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 56%
- Mobile-money account
- 22%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 43%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 7,557 people
- Asylum seekers
- 4,473
- Stateless persons
- 2,565
- Internally displaced persons
- 442,00036,000 due to conflicts, 406,000 due to disasters
- Refugees from Indonesia abroad
- 9,164
Sources:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists2024
- Official tourism site13.6 million arrivalsdown 12% against 201912% below 2019World Rank21stof 139
- Per resident
- 4.8 arrivals per 100 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 299,000 arrivals
- $17.7 billion
- Spending per arrival
- $1,305
- Share of GDP
- 2.2% tourism direct GDP(2020, latest available)
- Domestic trips
- 771.9 million overnight trips by residents
- Residents' trips abroad
- 8.5 million overnight trips
- $15.6 billion
- Hotel beds
- 1.3 million
Overnight arrivals by year2015 to 2024A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 10 sites6 cultural4 natural
Site Type Borobudur Temple Compounds Cultural Komodo National Park Natural Prambanan Temple Compounds Cultural Ujung Kulon National Park Natural Sangiran Early Man Site Cultural Lorentz National Park Natural Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra Natural Cultural Landscape of Bali Province Cultural Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto Cultural Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Refugees hosted:Global Internal Displacement Database ↗ - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- Medium5.3 out of 10Conflict and violence, Cyclone, Floods
Crisis Since Sep 2024 Severity Country overallAll crises below combined 5.3Medium Conflict in PapuaConflict and violence 5.4Medium Earthquake East Nusa TenggaraEarthquake 3.2Low Data reliability as rated by INFORM: Very high. Last updated Aug 31, 2026.
Source:- INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate2024
- Very low by global standards0.4 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank108thof 115
- Crime rates
- 7 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 0.4 1,176 2024 Serious assault 12.0 33,325 2022 Sexual violence 1.6 4,336 2022 Kidnapping 0.5 1,472 2022 Burglary 11.7 31,571 2018 Theft 19.6 53,000 2018 Vehicle theft 10.3 27,731 2018 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2022
- 98.8 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 275,518
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 71.6 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 2.7% of GDP$132 per person
- Physicians2023
- 0.52 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2023
- 1.4 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 15.6 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 140 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 0.1 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2023
- 31.1% of adults
- Men
- 59.3%
- Women
- 2.9%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 7.3% of household spendingWorld Rank6thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 11.3 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 812.2 Mt per yearup 5.1 percent on the previous year5.1% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 2.9 t per personWorld Rank99thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 2.0%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 429.5 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 64.1 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 17.9 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 1,323.8 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 17.7 µg/m³ of PM2.51.2 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted73rdof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 15 µg/m³
- Life expectancy gain if the national standard were met
- 0.3 years
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog
- over-exploitation of marine resources
- air pollution from vehicle emissions
- waste disposal
- water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage
Source:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- International agreements
- 19 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 73 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1992 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1992 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1994 CITES in force 1979 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) not a party Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2005 Nagoya Protocol in force 2014 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1992 World Heritage Convention in force 1989 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 1998 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1993 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2013 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2009 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1994 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) in force 2026 MARPOL 73/78 in force 1987 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 12.6% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 2,019 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 7,240 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 0% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 223 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 85%
- Water stress
- 30% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 6.8% of the population18.6 million people
- Obesity2024
- 11.8% of adults
- Men
- 7%
- Women
- 16.6%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2023
- 15.9% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 42.3 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 1.9%
- Supply
- Surplusproduces 1.8× what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- 405 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 405 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 376 TWh per year
- Imports
- 1 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 52% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves20252.4 billion barrelsWorld Rank33rdof 99
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Mineral resources2025
- Copper
Mineral Mine production Reserves Copper 710,000 t3.1% of world 21 million t USGS estimates. Shows only minerals where the country is a major producer.
Source:- Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
- Mineral resources:Mineral Commodity Summaries ↗ - U.S. Geological Survey
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 0.8% of GDP$11 billion, 4.6% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 400,000active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army
- Military service2025
- Voluntarycompulsory service authorized but not utilized; men and women 18+, upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty
- Space program2025
- Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021)
Focuses largely on rocket development and satellite acquisition/operation; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program to develop an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; national space program includes building up the country's private space sector
- 1964
- Launched first sounding rocket (Kartika)
- 1976
- First communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US
- 2005
- Re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV)
- 2007
- First remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India
- 2015
- First domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India
- 2023-2024
- Two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US
Key milestones
Source:- The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service, Space program:The World Factbook: Indonesia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
International Memberships
Formerly
