National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Suriname
- Official name (in Dutch)
- Republiek Suriname
- Name etymology
name may derive from the Surinen people who inhabited the area at the time of European contact
Sources:- Office of the President - Constitution of the Republic of Suriname ↗ - The Government of Suriname
- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
Translated from the Government of Suriname The flag of Suriname consists of a field in the shape of a rectangle, on which five horizontally running bars and a five-pointed star appear.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Government of Suriname 1. The colours of the five horizontally running bars are
respectively green, white, (bright) red, white, green. [...] 3. The colour of the five-pointed star is yellow.Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Government of Suriname Symbolism
1. The green symbolises the fertility of Suriname with its many possibilities; this colour also represents hopeful expectation, the new Suriname.
2. The white symbolises justice; it also represents freedom. The white bands of justice and freedom connect the green of the country's possibilities with the (bright) red of renewal through the deeds of the nation.
3. In the (bright) red, the bright orange (vermilion red) stands as a symbol of renewal· and the carmine red for the love that leads to deeds·. The (bright) red colour symbolises progressiveness, the never-ceasing endeavour of the nation to continue to commit itself through deeds to the renewal of man and society.
4. The star symbolises the unity of the nation and the yellow stands as a symbol of sacrifice. The yellow star symbolises self-sacrificing unanimity and the orientation towards the golden future. From its light the nation draws the strength, with confidence in its own abilities, to bear sacrifices and to continue to commit itself to country and people.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Government of Suriname According to the first president of Suriname, Johan Ferrier, in Laatste gouverneur, eerste president (1975), the position of the points was still a subject of debate, and it was decided to point two points downwards: ‘with both feet firmly on the ground’.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSource:- gov.sr ↗ - the Government of Suriname
- National anthem
- God zij met ons Suriname!0:54
- Title (in Dutch)
- God zij met ons Suriname!
- Title (in English, translated)
- God Be With Our Suriname
- Lyrics
1God zij met ons Suriname Hij verheffe ons heerlijk land Hoe wij hier ook samen kwamen Aan zijn land zijn wij verpand Werkend houden we in gedachten recht en waarheid maken vrij Al wat goed is te betrachten Dat geeft aan ons land waardij.
2Opo kondreman oen opo Sranan gron e kari oen. Wans ope tata komopo, Wi moes seti kondre boen. Stre de f’stre wi no sa frede Gado de wi fesiman. Heri libi te na dede, Wi sa feti gi Sranan.
Source: - Citizens
- Surinamers
- Official name:Office of the President - Constitution of the Republic of Suriname ↗ - The Government of Suriname
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- National flag:gov.sr ↗ - the Government of Suriname
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana and Guyana
- Total area
- 163,820 km²
- Land area
- 156,000 km²
- Water area
- 7,820 km²
- Land borders
- 1,907 km(3 countries)
- Guyana
- 836 km
- French Guiana
- 556 km
- Brazil
- 515 km
Source:- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Coastline
- 386 km
- Terrain
Mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps - Mean elevation
- 246 m
- Highest point
- 1,230 mJuliana Top
- Lowest point
- −2 m
- Climate
Tropical moderated by trade winds - Avg. temperature
- 26 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 22.8 to 30.6 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 1,776 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January 29.4 25.2 22.4 131 February 29.4 25.2 22.5 121 March 30 25.6 22.6 120 April 30 25.7 22.9 202 May 29.7 25.5 23 303 June 29.6 25.4 22.6 253 July 30 25.5 22.4 192 August 31 26.1 22.6 118 September 32.5 27 22.9 63 October 33.2 27.5 23.2 55 November 32.3 26.9 23.2 88 December 30.5 25.9 22.8 129 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable0.3%Forest91.7%Other7.9%
- Arable land
- 52,965 hectares (0.3%)
- Permanent crops
- 2,467 hectares (0.0%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 16,000 hectares (0.1%)
- Forest
- 14,710,704 hectares (91.7%)
- Other land
- 1,268,625 hectares (7.9%)
Source: - Natural hazards2026
- River floods8.6Very high#10/191Epidemics6.0High#58/191Drought1.7Very low#134/191Coastal floods1.5Very low#132/191Earthquakes0.1Very low#127/191Tsunamis0.0Very lowTropical cyclones0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- +0.84% per year+5,406 people/yearWorld Rank111thof 237
- Birth rate
- 16.8 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 7.0 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −1.5 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 28.9 yearsWorld Rank147thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years25.0%15-64 years66.4%65 years +8.5%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 8.5%
- Share aged under 18
- 30.1%
- Total dependency ratio
- 50
- Youth dependency ratio
- 38
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 13
- Sex ratio
- 1 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 0.5% 1.0% 70-79 1.5% 2.2% 60-69 3.8% 4.1% 50-59 5.4% 5.3% 40-49 6.3% 6.0% 30-39 7.0% 6.8% 20-29 8.4% 8.2% 10-19 8.6% 8.4% 0-9 8.4% 8.1% - 2026
- 0.09 above the replacement level for Suriname ()2.19 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank94thof 237
- 1.05 daughters per woman0.04 above replacement, long-run each generation larger than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- +9.8 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 9.8 more births than deaths a year
- 2026
- −1.5 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 65.8% live in cities424,777 urban residents
- Largest cities2012latest available
- Paramaribo, Koewarasan, De Nieuwe Grond, LelydorpRankCity or Urban CommunePopulation (2012 census)1Paramaribo240,9242Koewarasan27,7133De Nieuwe Grond26,1614Lelydorp18,6635Houttuin15,6566Kwatta14,1517Nieuw Nickerie12,8188Meerzorg12,4059Moengo10,83410Saramacca Polder10,217Source:
- General Bureau of Statistics, Suriname (2012 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- Population is concentrated along the northern coastal strip; the remainder of the country is sparsely populated.
- Ethnic groups2012
- Hindustani27.4%Maroon21.7%Creole15.7%Javanese13.7%Mixed13.4%Other7.6%Unspecified0.6%
Hindustani are also known locally as "East Indians". Their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century.Maroon's African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior.Creole denotes mixed White and Black ancestry.
Source:- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Religions2012
- Protestant23.6%Hindu22.3%Roman Catholic21.6%Muslim13.8%Other Christian3.2%Winti1.8%Jehovah's Witness1.2%Other1.7%None7.5%Unspecified3.2%
- Protestant
- 23.6%
- Evangelical
- 11.2%
- Moravian
- 11.2%
- Reformed
- 0.7%
- Lutheran
- 0.5%
Source:- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Languages
- Dutch (Nederlands)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:General Bureau of Statistics, Suriname (2012 census), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President, who is also Head of the Government, is elected with the Vice-President by the National Assembly for five years, by a two-thirds majority of its constitutional membership (Arts. 83, 90, 91).Source:
- System of government
- ParliamentaryThere is no prime minister: the President forms the Council of Ministers, which the Vice-President runs day to day; the Government answers to the National Assembly, which can remove the President mid-term and has no dissolution procedure (Arts. 56, 74, 110, 116).Source:
- Grondwet van de Republiek Suriname (S.B. 1987 no. 116), as amended by S.B. 1992 no. 38 ↗, Arts. 56, 74, 110, 116
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Government (in Dutch)
- President
- Parliament (in Dutch)
- Capital
- Paramaribo240,924 people(2012)
- National holidays
- 15 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- TueFeb 17Chinese New Year
- TueMar 3Holi
- FriMar 20Eid al-Fitr (estimated)
- FriApr 3Good Friday
- MonApr 6Easter Monday
- FriMay 1Labor Day
- WedMay 27Eid al-Adha (estimated)
- WedJul 1Day of Freedoms
- SunAug 9Indigenous People Day
- SatOct 10Day of the Maroons
- SunNov 8Diwali
- WedNov 25Independence Day
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
- SatDec 26Second Day of Christmas
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- SRTSuriname TimeUTC−3
- Currency
- Surinamese Dollar (SRD)
- Calling code
- +597
- Internet TLD
- .sr
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- SR, SUR
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 149,672 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Heliports
- 1
- Aircraft departures
- 1,867 by the country's airlines(2023)
- Air freight
- 23.6 million tonne-km(2023)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- PZ
Sources:- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Flag carrier
- Surinam AirwaysState-owned
- 2025
- 38 / 100World Rank96thof 182Confidence interval
Corruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 37 31 42 2013 36 31 41 2014 36 31 41 2015 36 31 41 2016 45 32 57 2017 41 34 48 2018 43 38 48 2019 44 36.2 51.8 2020 38 35.2 40.8 2021 39 31.9 46.1 2022 40 31.2 48.8 2023 40 30.3 49.7 2024 40 30.7 49.3 2025 38 29.3 46.7 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Grondwet van de Republiek Suriname (S.B. 1987 no. 116), as amended by S.B. 1992 no. 38 ↗ - National Assembly of Suriname
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- Upper middle income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +4% per yearWorld Rank63rdof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $8,965 (98th in the world)
Source:- 2024
- Services50.8% of GDPIndustry35.1% of GDPAgriculture6.8% of GDPManufacturing19.8%part of industryThe shape of the economySource:
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 10.5%up 1.3 percentage points1.3pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 253,974 (40% of population)World Rank171stof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 53.8% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 7.6%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 24.9% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $25.2 per hour worked at PPP
- Budget balance2026
- 5% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 51% of GDP, $3.1 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Central government debt87.2% of GDPHousehold debt5.1% of GDPCompany debt27% of GDPInterest on debt2.8% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$3 billion93.1%
- Services$218.4 million6.9%
- Total exports
- $3.2 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 14 percent on the previous year14%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Agricultural products2024
- Rice, Oranges, Plantains and cooking bananas, and 3 more
- 1Rice7.9×
- 2Oranges6.2×
- 3Plantains and cooking bananas6×
- 4Meat of chickens (fresh or chilled)1.8×
- 5Hen eggs in shell (fresh)1.4×
- 6Sugar cane1.3×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 1.2 tonnesWorth $170.5 million, 11% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- gold mining, oil, lumber, food processing, fishing
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2022
- SRD 6,525 per month$264 (USD), $730 (PPP)
- Median
- SRD 5,000 per month($202)
- Men
- SRD 6,924 per month($280)
- Women
- SRD 5,992 per month($243)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2024
- SRD 4,160 per month, gross$125 (USD), $283 (PPP)
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.722HighWorld Rank114thof 193SurinameWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Suriname World 2004 0.679 0.675 2005 0.685 0.681 2006 0.690 0.688 2007 0.697 0.694 2008 0.701 0.698 2009 0.704 0.701 2010 0.707 0.707 2011 0.708 0.713 2012 0.711 0.717 2013 0.714 0.721 2014 0.715 0.726 2015 0.718 0.731 2016 0.716 0.735 2017 0.715 0.739 2018 0.719 0.741 2019 0.720 0.745 2020 0.714 0.742 2021 0.697 0.742 2022 0.719 0.752 2023 0.722 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2022
- 39.2
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 8.4 years
- Expected for a child today
- 11 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2012
- 92.9% of adults
- Education expenditure2023
- 2.9% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 7.5%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2023
- 87.4% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 80.8%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2023
- 988,899
- Fixed telephone lines
- 128,908
- Fixed broadband
- 17.5 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Refugees hosted2025
- 24 people
- Asylum seekers
- 3,263
- Refugees from Suriname abroad
- 44
Source:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Inbound tourists2017latest available
- 278,000 arrivals
- Per resident
- 4.7 arrivals per 10 residents
- Same-day visitors
- 900 arrivals
- $40 million(2024)
- $111.5 million(2024)
- Hotel beds
- 1,913(2011, latest available)
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2017A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 3 sites2 cultural1 natural
Site Type Central Suriname Nature Reserve Natural Historic Inner City of Paramaribo Cultural Jodensavanne Archaeological Site: Jodensavanne Settlement and Cassipora Creek Cemetery Cultural Source:- The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2024
- 4.3 per 100,000 peopleMedium by global standards
- Crime rates
- 6 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 4.3 27 2024 Serious assault 137.7 866 2023 Sexual violence 113.7 715 2023 Burglary 467.8 2,915 2022 Theft 479.6 2,989 2022 Vehicle theft 4.2 26 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 172.7 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 1,086
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 74.0 years
- Health expenditure2023
- 5.4% of GDP$297 per person
- Physicians2023
- 1.36 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2022
- 2.9 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 10.3 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 84 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 5.9 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 15.3 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 2.58 Mt per yearup 3.2 percent on the previous year3.2% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 4.3 t per personWorld Rank68thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.01%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 0.93 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 0.16 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 3.67 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 6.7 µg/m³ of PM2.50.2 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted168thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- deforestation
- pollution of inland waterways from small-scale mining activities
- International agreements
- 17 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 57 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2019 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1998 Kyoto Protocol in force 2006 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1998 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1998 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1996 CITES in force 1981 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) not a party Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2008 Nagoya Protocol not a party Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1985 World Heritage Convention in force 1998 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 2000 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 2011 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2004 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2011 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2018 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 1998 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) signed 2025, not ratified MARPOL 73/78 in force 1989 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 5.2% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 99 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 158,867 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 0% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 0.6 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 70%
- Water stress
- 4% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 9.8% of the population
- Obesity2024
- 30.8% of adults
- Men
- 20.4%
- Women
- 41%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2018
- 6.7% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 55.9 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.01%
- Supply
- Self-sufficientproduction matches consumption, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- No electricity trade1.7 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 1.7 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 1.5 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal
- Deficitproduces 85% of what it consumes, 2024Oil reserves2025101.7 million barrelsWorld Rank70thof 99Imports2018188 b/d
Oil imports and exports count crude oil only.
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Oil, gas & coal:Worldwide Oil and Gas Survey ↗ - Oil & Gas Journal
Defense
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 2,000National Army
- Military service2025
- Voluntaryno conscription; men and women 18–28
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military personnel, Military service:The World Factbook: Suriname - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
