National Identity
- Official name
- Republic of Estonia
- Official name (in Estonian)
- Eesti Vabariik
- Name etymology
derives from the name of the people who lived along the eastern Baltic Sea in the first centuries A.D., which came from the Baltic word aueist, meaning "waterside dwellers"
Sources:- The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia ↗ - Official Gazette
- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Coat of arms
- National flag
Translated from the State Gazette of Estonia (Riigi Teataja) (1) The Estonian flag consists of three horizontal coloured stripes of equal width. The upper stripe is blue, the middle one black and the lower one white. The ratio of the width to the length of the flag is 7:11.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Government Office of Estonia The blue-black-and-white Estonian flag expresses unity. [...] The student flag has become the Estonian flag that unites the people and the state. The hoisting of the flag marks the vitality of common ideals and values and expresses a sense of belonging together.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Government Office of Estonia Namely, during the Age of Awakening, students of Estonian origin chose blue, black and white as their distinctive colours. The first blue-black-and-white flag was completed in the spring of 1884, and on 4 June it was blessed and consecrated at the Otepää parsonage.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Government Office of Estonia The national awakening and cultural growth of the Estonians took place under the blue-black-and-white flag. The blue-black-and-white has become the symbol of Estonianness - the national flag. Under the blue-black-and-white flag, state independence was also fought for and won.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerTranslated from the Iuridicum Foundation (Estonia) The state flag was established by the State Flag Act adopted on 27.06.1922; the blue-black-and-white flag, already rooted as the national flag, was adopted as the state flag.
Unofficial translation by WorldometerSources:- riigiteataja.ee ↗ - the State Gazette of Estonia (Riigi Teataja)
- riigikantselei.ee ↗ - the Government Office of Estonia
- pohiseadus.ee ↗ - the Iuridicum Foundation (Estonia)
- National anthem
- Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm0:32
- Title (in Estonian)
- Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm
- Title (in English, translated)
- My Native Land, My Pride and Joy
- Lyrics
1Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm, kui kaunis oled sa! Ei leia mina iial teal see suure, laia ilma peal, mis mul nii armas oleks ka, kui sa, mu isamaa!
2Sa oled mind ju sünnitand ja üles kasvatand; sind tänan mina alati ja jään sull’ truuiks surmani, mul kõige armsam oled sa, mu kallis isamaa!
3Su üle Jumal valvaku, mu armas isamaa! Ta olgu sinu kaitseja ja võtku rohkest õnnista, mis iial ette võtad sa, mu kallis isamaa!
Source: - Citizens
- Estonians
- Official name:The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia ↗ - Official Gazette
- Official name, Citizens:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- National flag:riigiteataja.ee ↗ - the State Gazette of Estonia (Riigi Teataja)
- National flag:riigikantselei.ee ↗ - the Government Office of Estonia
- National flag:pohiseadus.ee ↗ - the Iuridicum Foundation (Estonia)
- National anthem:nationalanthems.info ↗
Geography
- Location
- Total area
- 45,228 km²
- Land area
- 42,388 km²
- Water area
- 2,840 km²
- Coastline
- 3,794 km
- Terrain
Marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south - Mean elevation
- 61 m
- Highest point
- 318 mSuur Munamagi
- Lowest point
- 0 mBaltic Sea
- Climate
Maritime wet, moderate winters, cool summers - Avg. temperature
- 6.4 °C
- Avg. daily range
- 2.9 to 9.3 °C
- Annual precipitation
- 740 mm
Temperature °CMeanDaily rangePrecipitation mmMonthly climate normals Month Avg. high, °C Mean, °C Avg. low, °C Precipitation, mm January −1.6 −3.5 −5.8 54 February −1.9 −4.1 −6.9 45 March 2.3 −0.7 −4.1 42 April 8.9 5.2 0.9 44 May 14.8 10.8 5.6 53 June 18.7 15.1 10.3 84 July 21.5 17.8 13.2 78 August 20.4 16.6 12.3 87 September 15.4 12 8.4 64 October 8.9 6.4 3.7 70 November 3.4 1.8 −0.1 61 December 0.3 −1.4 −3.3 57 Country-wide averages over 1991–2020.
Sources:- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Weather
- Loading
- Land use2023
- Arable16.6%Pasture6.4%Forest57.2%Other19.6%
- Arable land
- 711,000 hectares (16.6%)
- Permanent crops
- 4,000 hectares (0.1%)
- Permanent meadows & pastures
- 272,000 hectares (6.4%)
- Forest
- 2,445,598 hectares (57.2%)
- Other land
- 839,402 hectares (19.6%)
Source: - Major lakes
- Lake Peipus4,300 km²Lake Võrtsjärv270 km²
- Natural hazards2026
- River floods5.4High#91/191Coastal floods2.2Very low#121/191Epidemics1.8Very low#189/191Earthquakes0.1Very low#127/191Tsunamis0.0Very lowTropical cyclones0.0Very lowDrought0.0Very low
Scores out of 10, ranks out of 191 countries.
Source:- INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Location, Land borders, Coastline, Terrain, Mean elevation, Highest point, Lowest point, Climate, Major lakes:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Climate:Climate Change Knowledge Portal (ERA5 reanalysis) ↗ - World Bank
- Land use:FAOSTAT Land Use domain ↗ - FAO
- Natural hazards:INFORM Risk Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
Demographics
- Population change2026
- −0.98% per year−13,170 people/yearWorld Rank227thof 237
- Birth rate
- 7.6 per 1,000 population
- Death rate
- 12.4 per 1,000 population
- Net migration rate
- −0.5 per 1,000 population
- 2026
- 43.2 yearsWorld Rank38thof 237
- Age structure2026
- 0-14 years14.9%15-64 years62.8%65 years +22.3%
- Share aged 65 and over
- 22.3%
- Share aged under 18
- 18.5%
- Total dependency ratio
- 59
- Youth dependency ratio
- 24
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 35
- Sex ratio
- 0.91 male / female
MaleAgeFemalePopulation by age group, % of total population Age Male Female 80+ 1.6% 4.5% 70-79 3.7% 6.2% 60-69 5.6% 6.8% 50-59 6.6% 6.8% 40-49 7.4% 7.0% 30-39 7.0% 6.3% 20-29 5.0% 4.7% 10-19 5.8% 5.5% 0-9 4.9% 4.6% - 2026
- 0.72 below the replacement level for Estonia ()1.38 births per womanreplacement 2.10123World Rank196thof 237
- 0.67 daughters per woman0.33 below replacement, long-run each generation smaller than the lastreplacement 1.000.511.5
- 2026
- −4.8 per 1,000 populationfor every 1,000 people, 4.8 more deaths than births a year
- 2026
- −0.5 per 1,000 population
- Urbanization2026
- 70.7% live in cities941,620 urban residents
- Largest cities2026
- Tallinn, Tartu, Narva, PärnuRankCity or TownPopulation (2026 estimate)1Tallinn452,5632Tartu96,5063Narva51,4114Pärnu40,9345Kohtla-Järve32,3686Viljandi17,0007Maardu16,8128Rakvere15,3459Kuressaare12,72910Sillamäe11,942Source:
- Statistical Office of Estonia (2026 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution
- A fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations.
- Ethnic groups2021
- Estonian69.1%Russian23.7%Ukrainian2.1%Other4.6%Unspecified0.5%
- Religions2021
- Orthodox16.5%Protestant9.2%Other3.0%None58.4%Unspecified12.9%
- Protestant
- 9.2%
- Lutheran
- 7.7%
- Other Protestant
- 1.5%
Other includes Roman Catholic, Muslim, Jehovah's Witness, Pentecostal, Buddhist, and Taara Believer.
Source:- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Languages
- Estonian (Eesti keel)
- Population, Population change, Median age, Age structure, Total fertility rate, Net reproduction rate, Natural change, Net migration rate:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Urbanization:UN World Urbanization Prospects ↗
- Largest cities:Statistical Office of Estonia (2026 estimate), via City Population by Thomas Brinkhoff ↗
- Population distribution, Ethnic groups, Religions:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
Government & Administration
- Form of state
- RepublicThe President of the Republic is elected by the Riigikogu (parliament) or, in a case the Constitution provides for, by an electoral body; the Constitution calls Estonia "an independent and sovereign democratic republic" (§§ 1, 79).
- System of government
- ParliamentaryThe President designates a candidate for Prime Minister, whom the Riigikogu must authorise to form a government; the Riigikogu can express no confidence in the Government, the Prime Minister or a minister, after which early elections may be called (§§ 89, 97).Source:
- Territorial organisation
- Unitary
- Official websites
- Capital
- Tallinn456,518 people(2024)
- National holidays
- 12 days in 2026
- ThuJan 1New Year's Day
- TueFeb 24Independence Day
- FriApr 3Good Friday
- SunApr 5Easter Sunday
- FriMay 1May Day
- SunMay 24Pentecost
- TueJun 23Victory Day
- WedJun 24Midsummer Day
- ThuAug 20Independence Restoration Day
- ThuDec 24Christmas Eve
- FriDec 25Christmas Day
- SatDec 26Second Day of Christmas
Nationwide public holidays only, excluding regional, bank and government-only days.
- Time
- Currency
- Euro (EUR)
- Entry requirements
- Official visa and entry information
- Calling code
- +372
- Internet TLD
- .ee
- ISO 3166-1 codes
- EE, EST
- Infrastructure
- Passengers carried
- 857 by the country's airlines(2019)
- Heliports
- 10
- Aircraft departures
- 22 by the country's airlines(2019)
- Air freight
- 0 million tonne-km(2019)
- Aircraft registration prefix
- ES
Sources:- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Passenger rail
- Elron
- 2025
- 76 / 100World Rank12thof 182
Significant improverUp 12 points since 2012, when it scored 64.
Confidence intervalCorruption index score by year Year Score Lower bound Upper bound 2012 64 59 69 2013 68 64 72 2014 69 64 74 2015 70 65 75 2016 70 66 73 2017 71 67 75 2018 73 71 75 2019 74 72 76 2020 75 73.6 76.4 2021 74 72.5 75.5 2022 74 72.3 75.7 2023 76 74.3 77.7 2024 76 74.2 77.8 2025 76 74.2 77.8 Source:- Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
- Form of state, System of government, Territorial organisation:Eesti Vabariigi põhiseadus, consolidated text (RT I, 11.04.2025, 3) ↗ - Riigi Teataja
- National holidays:Open World Holidays Framework (vacanza/holidays) ↗
- Infrastructure:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Infrastructure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Corruption Perceptions Index:Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 ↗ - Transparency International, CC BY 4.0
Economy
- High income
- GDP growth (real)2026
- +2.1% per yearWorld Rank128thof 195
- GDP per capita (PPP)2026
- GDP per capita (nominal)
- $37,310 (41st in the world)
Source:- 2025
- Services65.8% of GDPIndustry19.7% of GDPAgriculture1.6% of GDPManufacturing10.8%part of industry
- Households
- +52.7%
- Government
- +21.5%
- Investment
- +24.8%
- Exports
- +78.4%
- Imports
- −77.4%
The shape of the economyGDP by end useSource:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Inflation2026
- 3%down 1.8 percentage points1.8pp from 2025
- Labor force2024
- 751,220 (55% of population)World Rank153rdof 187
- Labor force participation2024
- 65.4% of people aged 15+
- Unemployment2024
- 7.6%
- Youth unemployment2024
- 19.3% ages 15 to 24
- Labor productivity2024
- $50.1 per hour worked at PPP
- Labor cost2025
- €21.10 per hour$23.84 (USD), $31.41 (PPP)
- Budget balance2026
- 4.3% of GDP deficit
- Current account
- 2.5% of GDP, $1.3 billion deficit
Source: - Debt2024
- Government debt23.6% of GDPHousehold debt38.4% of GDPCompany debt84.4% of GDPInterest on debt0.6% of GDPCentral government debt23.1% of GDP
- Trade2025
- Goods$21.2 billion57.6%
- Services$15.6 billion42.4%
- Total exports
- $36.9 billion
- Change from 2024
- up 13 percent on the previous year13%
Sources:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- 2024
- +0.89World Rank28thof 145
- Projected GDP growth
- +2.3% a year over the next 10 years
Source:- Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products2024
- Peas (dry), Rye, Oats, and 7 more
- 1Peas (dry)35.5×
- 2Rye26.7×
- 3Oats25.7×
- 4Broad beans and horse beans (dry)21.2×
- 5Barley9.5×
- 6Raw milk of cattle5×
- 7Rape or colza seed4.7×
- 8Wheat4×
- 9Meat of pig with the bone (fresh or chilled)1.4×
- 10Potatoes0.8×
ProductSource:- FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Gold reserves2025
- 0.25 tonnesWorth $34.9 million, 1% of total official reserves by value
- Industries
- food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles
- information technology, telecommunications
- Income level, GDP by sector, Trade, Gold reserves:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- GDP (nominal), GDP growth (real), GDP per capita (PPP), Inflation, Budget balance:IMF World Economic Outlook ↗
- Labor force, Labor force participation, Unemployment, Youth unemployment, Labor productivity, Labor cost:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Debt:IMF Global Debt Database ↗
- Debt:IMF Public Finances in Modern History ↗
- Trade, Industries:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Economic Complexity Index:Atlas of Economic Complexity ↗ - Harvard Growth Lab
- Agricultural products:FAOSTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
Cost of Living
- Cost of living index
- Loading
- Monthly costs (excluding rent)
- Loading
- Rent
- Loading
- Buying an apartment
- Loading
- Average gross salary2025
- €2,847 per month$3,218 (USD), $4,239 (PPP)
- Median
- €2,431 per month($2,748)
- Men
- €3,116 per month($3,521)
- Women
- €2,590 per month($2,926)
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- 2025
- €886 per month, gross$1,001 (USD), $1,319 (PPP)
- Share of the average gross salary
- 31%
Source:- ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
- Average gross salary, Minimum wage:ILOSTAT ↗ - International Labour Organization
Society
- 2023
- 0.905Very highWorld Rank36thof 193EstoniaWorld
Human Development Index by year Year Estonia World 1990 0.738 0.608 1991 0.734 0.611 1992 0.722 0.614 1993 0.713 0.617 1994 0.711 0.620 1995 0.725 0.625 1996 0.746 0.631 1997 0.759 0.636 1998 0.767 0.641 1999 0.776 0.646 2000 0.793 0.651 2001 0.802 0.657 2002 0.813 0.662 2003 0.824 0.669 2004 0.834 0.675 2005 0.847 0.681 2006 0.855 0.688 2007 0.859 0.694 2008 0.864 0.698 2009 0.863 0.701 2010 0.868 0.707 2011 0.877 0.713 2012 0.880 0.717 2013 0.887 0.721 2014 0.885 0.726 2015 0.888 0.731 2016 0.890 0.735 2017 0.894 0.739 2018 0.897 0.741 2019 0.901 0.745 2020 0.901 0.742 2021 0.899 0.742 2022 0.902 0.752 2023 0.905 0.756 Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- 2023
- 30.7
- Mean years of schooling2023
- 13.6 years
- Expected for a child today
- 16 years
Source:- Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Literacy2011latest available
- 99.9% of adults
- Education expenditure2022
- 5.2% of GDP
- Share of government spending
- 13%
Source:- World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Internet users2024
- 92.2% of the population
- Households with Internet access
- 92.9%
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Mobile subscriptions2024
- 2.1 million
- Fixed telephone lines
- 227,420
- Fixed broadband
- 35.4 subscriptions per 100 people
Counts subscriptions, not people.
Source:- ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership2021
- 35% of adults
- Debit-card ownership
- 97%
- Account at a bank or mobile-money provider
- 99%
- Made or received a digital payment
- 99%
Source:- Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted2025
- 41,409 people
- Asylum seekers
- 221
- Stateless persons
- 62,987
- Refugees from Estonia abroad
- 118
Source:- Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Inbound tourists2022
- Official tourism site2.2 million arrivalsdown 35% against 201935% below 2019World Rank66thof 139
- Per resident
- 1.6 arrivals per resident
- Same-day visitors
- 1.3 million arrivals
- $2.4 billion(2024)
- Share of GDP
- 5.4% tourism direct GDP(2017, latest available)
- Domestic trips
- 2.6 million overnight trips by residents
- Residents' trips abroad
- 1.1 million overnight trips
- $2 billion(2024)
- Hotel beds
- 35,406
- Average hotel stay
- 1.9 nights
Overnight arrivals by year2010 to 2022A tourist stays at least one night. Arrivals count trips, not people.
Source:- UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- 2 sites2 cultural
Site Historic Center (Old Town) of Tallinn Struve Geodetic Arc Source:- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Human Development Index, Mean years of schooling:Human Development Report ↗ - United Nations Development Programme
- Income inequality (Gini), Education expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Literacy:UIS Data Browser ↗ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Internet users, Mobile subscriptions:ITU DataHub ↗ - International Telecommunication Union
- Credit-card ownership:Global Findex Database ↗ - World Bank
- Refugees hosted:Refugee Data Finder ↗ - UN Refugee Agency
- Inbound tourists:UN Tourism Data Dashboard ↗ - UN Tourism
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
Crime & Safety
- Travel advisory (US)
- Loading
- Active humanitarian crisisAug 2026
- None - no active crisis
- Homicide rate2024
- Low by global standards1.8 per 100,000 peopleWorld Rank63rdof 115
- Crime rates
- 6 offence categories
Offence Per 100,000 Count Year Homicide (victims) 1.8 24 2024 Serious assault 2.7 37 2023 Sexual violence 31.2 426 2023 Kidnapping 0.0 0 2023 Theft 594.6 8,027 2022 Vehicle theft 6.7 91 2022 A low figure can also mean weak recording.
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Prison population2023
- 134.7 per 100,000 people
- Persons held
- 1,841
Source:- UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
- Active humanitarian crisis:INFORM Severity Index ↗ - European Commission Joint Research Centre
- Homicide rate, Crime rates, Prison population:UNODC Data Portal ↗ - UN Office on Drugs and Crime
Health
- Life expectancy2026
- 79.6 years
- Health expenditure2024
- 7.8% of GDP$2,438 per person
- Physicians2022
- 3.47 per 1,000 population
- Hospital beds2023
- 4.1 per 1,000 population
- Infant mortality2026
- 1.6 per 1,000 live births
- Maternal mortality2023
- 5 per 100,000 live births
- Alcohol consumption2022
- 10.5 litres of pure alcohol per adult per year
- Tobacco use2022
- 27.5% of adults
- Men
- 33%
- Women
- 22%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending2023
- 6.7% of household spendingWorld Rank11thof 105
- World median
- 3.1%
Source:- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Road traffic deaths2019
- 4.5 per 100,000 population
- Life expectancy, Infant mortality:UN World Population Prospects ↗
- Health expenditure, Physicians, Hospital beds, Road traffic deaths:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Maternal mortality:Maternal mortality estimates ↗ - UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group
- Alcohol consumption, Tobacco use:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Alcohol and Tobacco Spending:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
Environment
- CO₂ emissions2024
- 10.6 Mt per yeardown 7.2 percent on the previous year7.2% from 2023
- CO₂ per capita
- 8.3 t per personWorld Rank30thof 207
- Share of global CO₂
- 0.03%
- Methane (CH₄)
- 1.63 Mt CO₂-eq
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
- 1.68 Mt CO₂-eq
- Fluorinated gases
- 0.17 Mt CO₂-eq
- All greenhouse gases
- 14.1 Mt CO₂-eq
Source:- Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- 2024
- 6.1 µg/m³ of PM2.50.1 years of life expectancy lost against the WHO guidelineMost polluted174thof 236
- WHO guideline
- 5 µg/m³
- National standard
- 10 µg/m³
Source:- Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues
- air pollution from sulfur dioxide from oil-shale-burning power plants
- coastal seawater pollution
- International agreements
- 19 of 20 landmark treaties in forceParty to 113 multilateral environmental agreements
Treaty Standing Joined Climate Paris Agreement in force 2016 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in force 1994 Kyoto Protocol in force 2005 Ozone layer Montreal Protocol in force 1997 Vienna Convention (Ozone Layer) in force 1997 Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity in force 1994 CITES in force 1992 Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn) in force 2008 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in force 2004 Nagoya Protocol in force 2019 Land and heritage Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in force 1994 World Heritage Convention in force 1996 UN Convention to Combat Desertification in force 2012 Chemicals and waste Basel Convention in force 1992 Rotterdam Convention (PIC) in force 2006 Stockholm Convention (POPs) in force 2009 Minamata Convention on Mercury in force 2017 Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in force 2005 High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) signed 2023, not ratified MARPOL 73/78 in force 1992 Source:- International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
- CO₂ emissions:Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) ↗ - European Commission, Joint Research Centre
- Air pollution:Air Quality Life Index ↗ - Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
- Environmental issues:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- International agreements:International Environmental Agreements Database ↗ - Université Laval
Food & Water
- No access to safe drinking water2022
- 0.4% of the population
- Renewable water2022
- 13 billion m³ per year
- Per person
- 9,485 m³ per year
- Dependency ratio
- 1% originates outside the country
- Annual water withdrawal
- 1.2 billion m³ per year
- Withdrawn for agriculture
- 0%
- Water stress
- 13% of available freshwater withdrawn
Source:- AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment2022
- 2.9% of the population
- Obesity2024
- 20.3% of adults
- Men
- 20.1%
- Women
- 20%
Source:- Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children2014
- 0.4% of children under five
- No access to safe drinking water, Renewable water:AQUASTAT ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Undernourishment:Food security indicators (FAOSTAT) ↗ - Food and Agriculture Organization
- Obesity:Global Health Observatory ↗ - World Health Organization
- Underweight children:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
Energy
- Energy consumption2024
- Per capita
- 76.6 GJ per person
- Share of world total
- 0.02%
- Supply
- Deficitproduces 20% of what it consumes, 2024
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Electricity2024
- Net importer, net 2.9 TWh in 2024, 41% of consumption5.3 TWh generated per year
- Generation
- 5.3 TWh per year
- Consumption
- 7.1 TWh per year
- Imports
- 5.6 TWh per year
- Exports
- 2.7 TWh per year
- Net
- −2.9 TWh per year
Source:- International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Energy consumption, Electricity, Oil, gas & coal:International Energy Statistics ↗ - U.S. Energy Information Administration
Defense
- Military expenditure2024
- 3.4% of GDP$1.4 billion, 7.5% of government spending
- Military personnel2025
- approximately 7,500active-duty military personnel
The Estonian Defense Forces rely largely on reservists who have completed compulsory conscription in the previous 10 years to fill out its active duty and Territorial Defense units during a crisis; there are more than 40,000 trained reservists, and approximately 230,000 Estonians are enrolled in the mobilization registry.
Source:- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Military service2025
- Conscriptionmen 18–27, 8–11 months depending on education, military or governmental service; women can volunteer, and as of 2018 could serve in any military branch
Non-commissioned officers, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months.Conscripts comprise approximately 3,000-3,300 of the Estonian military's active-duty personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force; after conscript service, reservists are called up for training every 5 years; Estonia has had conscription since 1991.In 2024, women comprised about 8% of the full-time professional military force; the Defense League includes a Women's Voluntary Defense Organization.
Source:- The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons2026
- None - no nuclear arsenal
- Military expenditure:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ↗ - Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Military expenditure:World Development Indicators ↗ - World Bank
- Military personnel, Military service:The World Factbook: Estonia - CIA
- Nuclear weapons:Status of World Nuclear Forces ↗ - Federation of American Scientists
