Poland Demographics

Population of Poland (2026)

View live population, charts & trends: Population of Poland

Poland Population
37,843,188
see live
Yearly Change
−0.78%
Global Share
0.46%
Global Rank
42

Median Age

The median age in Poland is 43.0 years (2026).

Fertility in Poland

A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility : the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration. A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline


Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
1.31
(Live Births per Woman, 2026)

Life Expectancy in Poland

See also: Countries in the world ranked by Life Expectancy

Both Sexes
79.2
(life expectancy at birth, both sexes combined)
Females
82.7
(life expectancy at birth, females)
Males
75.5
(life expectancy at birth, males)


Infant Mortality Rate and Deaths of Children under 5 Years Old in Poland


Infant Mortality
3.1
(infant deaths per 1,000 live births)
Deaths under age 5
3.6
(per 1,000 live births)


Poland Urban Population

Currently, 60.2% of the population of Poland is urban (22,792,998 people in 2026)


Population Density

The 2026 population density in Poland is 124 people per km² (322 people per mi2), calculated on a total land area of 304,255 km² (117,474 sq. miles).

Largest Cities in Poland

The 30 largest of 235 cities, ranked by population estimates for December 31, 2025 (by Statistics Poland).

RankCityPopulation
1Warsaw1,866,729
2Kraków816,614
3Wrocław672,601
4Łódź639,890
5Poznań534,239
6Gdańsk489,328
7Szczecin383,786
8Lublin326,685
9Bydgoszcz321,100
10Białystok289,217
11Katowice277,415
12Gdynia238,712
13Częstochowa201,439
14Rzeszów199,436
15Toruń192,784
16Radom191,819
17Sosnowiec182,971
18Kielce178,837
19Gliwice166,942
20Olsztyn165,393
21Bielsko-Biała163,164
22Zabrze150,780
23Bytom144,598
24Zielona Góra138,476
25Rybnik128,788
26Ruda Śląska127,601
27Opole124,563
28Tychy120,081
29Gorzów Wielkopolski113,569
30Dąbrowa Górnicza111,309
See all 235 cities in Poland

See also

Sources

Definitions

Population Pyramid

A Population pyramid (also called "Age-Sex Pyramid") is a graphical representation of the age and sex of a population.

Types:

  • Expansive - pyramid with a wide base (larger percentage of people in younger age groups, indicating high birth rates and high fertility rates) and narrow top (high death rate and lower life expectancies). It suggests a growing population. Example: Nigeria Population Pyramid
  • Constrictive - pyramid with a narrow base (lower percentage of younger people, indicating declining birth rates with each succeeding age group getting smaller than the previous one). Example: United States
  • Stationary - with a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group. The population is stable, neither increasing nor decreasing.

Stages:

Population pyramid stages

Dependency Ratio

There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total. All three ratios are commonly multiplied by 100.

Youth Dependency Ratio

Definition: population ages 0-15 divided by the population ages 16-64.

Formula: ([Population ages 0-15] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Elderly dependency ratio

Definition: population ages 65-plus divided by the population ages 16-64.

Formula: ([Population ages 65-plus] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Total dependency ratio

Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios.

Formula: (([Population ages 0-15] + [Population ages 65-plus]) ÷ [Population ages 16-64] ) × 100

NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. Some portion of the population counted as "working age" may actually be unemployed or not in the labor force whereas some portion of the "dependent" population may be employed and not necessarily economically dependent.