Estonia Demographics

Population of Estonia (2026)

View live population, charts & trends: Population of Estonia

Estonia Population
1,331,062
see live
Yearly Change
−0.98%
Global Share
0.02%
Global Rank
158

Median Age

The median age in Estonia is 43.2 years (2026).

Fertility in Estonia

A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility : the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration. A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline


Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
1.38
(Live Births per Woman, 2026)

Life Expectancy in Estonia

See also: Countries in the world ranked by Life Expectancy

Both Sexes
79.6
(life expectancy at birth, both sexes combined)
Females
83.4
(life expectancy at birth, females)
Males
75.6
(life expectancy at birth, males)


Infant Mortality Rate and Deaths of Children under 5 Years Old in Estonia


Infant Mortality
1.6
(infant deaths per 1,000 live births)
Deaths under age 5
2.1
(per 1,000 live births)


Estonia Urban Population

Currently, 70.7% of the population of Estonia is urban (941,620 people in 2026)


Population Density

The 2026 population density in Estonia is 31 people per km² (81 people per mi2), calculated on a total land area of 42,388 km² (16,366 sq. miles).

Largest Cities and Towns in Estonia

The 30 largest of 59 cities and towns, ranked by population estimates for January 1, 2026 (by Statistical Office of Estonia).

RankCity or TownPopulation
1Tallinn452,563
2Tartu96,506
3Narva51,411
4Pärnu40,934
5Kohtla-Järve32,368
6Viljandi17,000
7Maardu16,812
8Rakvere15,345
9Kuressaare12,729
10Sillamäe11,942
11Võru11,813
12Valga11,732
13Keila10,986
14Jõhvi10,448
15Haapsalu9,338
16Paide7,873
17Saue6,146
18Elva5,560
19Tapa5,388
20Põlva5,292
21Rapla5,209
22Türi5,022
23Jõgeva4,934
24Kiviõli4,645
25Paldiski3,975
26Põltsamaa3,966
27Sindi3,749
28Kohila3,295(2021 census)
29Kunda2,975
30Paikuse2,917(2021 census)
See all 59 cities and towns in Estonia

See also

Sources

Definitions

Population Pyramid

A Population pyramid (also called "Age-Sex Pyramid") is a graphical representation of the age and sex of a population.

Types:

  • Expansive - pyramid with a wide base (larger percentage of people in younger age groups, indicating high birth rates and high fertility rates) and narrow top (high death rate and lower life expectancies). It suggests a growing population. Example: Nigeria Population Pyramid
  • Constrictive - pyramid with a narrow base (lower percentage of younger people, indicating declining birth rates with each succeeding age group getting smaller than the previous one). Example: United States
  • Stationary - with a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group. The population is stable, neither increasing nor decreasing.

Stages:

Population pyramid stages

Dependency Ratio

There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total. All three ratios are commonly multiplied by 100.

Youth Dependency Ratio

Definition: population ages 0-15 divided by the population ages 16-64.

Formula: ([Population ages 0-15] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Elderly dependency ratio

Definition: population ages 65-plus divided by the population ages 16-64.

Formula: ([Population ages 65-plus] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Total dependency ratio

Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios.

Formula: (([Population ages 0-15] + [Population ages 65-plus]) ÷ [Population ages 16-64] ) × 100

NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. Some portion of the population counted as "working age" may actually be unemployed or not in the labor force whereas some portion of the "dependent" population may be employed and not necessarily economically dependent.